 27 August 1883  Series of Powerful Volcanic Explosions  Equivalent to Megatons of TNT  Shockwaves Reached Bogota, Columbia 19 hours later & then back  Shock waves completed 7 measurable circuits  Column of Magma rose 5 km high  Fell to Earth creating a 40 m high Tsunami  Killed 40,000 People on Java and Sumatra  Eruption lifted 18 km3 of Rock & Material (tephra)  Volatilized residue of sulfuric acid & dust boiled over 50 km high and spread around the globe  Rakata, the ash covered mountain of old Krakatau, survived as a sterile island  First survey, May 1884 – 1 individual of 1 spider 1930

(A) Plants of three Krakatau islands of Panjang, Rakata, and Sertung. (B) Birds of Rakata

Colonization of the New World by the cattle egret

Figure 6.3 Range expansions of selected species of animals (Part 6)

Migratory routes of the golden plover

(A) Fall migration routes of eastern and western populations of the monarch butterfly. (B) Both African and Asian elephants are powerful swimmers

Figure 6.7 A variety of diaspores from North American plants designed to enable seeds to disperse

A variety of diaspores from North American plants designed to enable seeds to

Aerial distribution of insects, spiders, and mites

Individuals of the jellyfish Velella spp. possess “sails”

Geographic shifts in vegetation zones of the American Southwest since most recent glacial maximum

A given change in elevation tends to be a greater barrier to dispersal in the tropics than at higher latitudes

The avian family Alcidae is restricted to cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, even though they are winged and most are strong fliers

Movements of terrestrial mammals across the ice of the St. Lawrence River

The Lesser Sunda Islands serve as a two-way filter for reptilian faunas of southeastern Asia and Australia

Figure 6.15 The desert “sea” of the American Southwest may serve as a transition zone for forest and woodland species of reptiles and mammals

The desert “sea” of the American Southwest may serve as a transition zone for forest and woodland species of reptiles and mammals

The Panama Canal and associated waterways, showing salinity levels

Distributions of green and Lesser Antillean iguanas may be strongly influenced by rare events

A classic example of a sweepstakes route

(A) Idealized lognormal frequency distribution of dispersal capacities among individuals or species. (B) Dispersal curves describe immigration rate

Habitat selection by the field subspecies of the deer mouse depends on inherited ability and early experience

Advances in remote sensing have enabled new disciplines and enhanced visualization of rare events and identification of factors influencing movements