The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon follicle-stimulating menstruation (pl. spermatozoa) hormone (FSH) ovarian follicle testis (pl., testes) gamete ovary testosterone infertility ovulation uterus ovum (pl., ova)

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Asexual Reproduction One-celled organisms Divide by themselves Sexual Reproduction Males and females Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes) Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm cells). Female cells are ova (egg cells).

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems (cont.) Meiosis Cell division process that forms gametes Halves the number of chromosomes in cell Reproductive organs Gonads Produce gametes Testis in male; ovary in female Accessory organs

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Functions of the Male Reproductive System Manufacture spermatozoa Deliver spermatozoa to the female

The Male Reproductive System Accessory Organs Epididymis Coiled tube located on the surface of the testis Temporarily stores sperm cells Ductus vas deferens Extends upward as the ductus deferens (vas deferens) Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Semen Functions of semen Nourishes spermatozoa Transports spermatozoa Neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina Lubricates the reproductive tract Prevents infection

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Semen (cont.) Seminal vesicle Twisted muscular tube Located at the posterior of the urinary bladder Produces alkaline secretion containing simple sugar Provides nourishment to spermatozoa Prostate gland Located inferior to the urinary bladder Ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra Alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) Pea-sized organs (pair) Located in the pelvic floor inferior to the prostate Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip

Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis. 10

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Urethra and Penis Erection Penis Corpus spongiosum Glans penis Prepuce Circumcision Contains urethra Corpora cavernosa Ejaculation

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Testes Scrotum Inguinal canal Spermatic cord

The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Testes (cont.) Internal structure Seminiferous tubules Sustentacular cells Interstitial cells The Spermatozoa Manufacturing begins at puberty Acrosome Flagellum

The Male Reproductive System-The testis Where are the interstitial cells located? 14

Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon. What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility? 15

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont.) Testicular Activity Controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone Functions: Development and maintenance of the male reproductive accessory organs Development of spermatozoa Development of secondary sex characteristics

Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction. Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion—LH or FSH? 17

The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production Decline in sperm motility and quality Erectile dysfunction Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Treatment Medication to shrink prostate Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Structural Disorders Cryptorchidism Testicular torsion Hernia (rupture) Inguinal hernia Phimosis Infections of the male reproductive tract: Prostatitis Epididymitis Orchitis

Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis. 20

Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia. 21

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Infections Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Chlamydial infections Gonococcal infections (gonorrhea) Symptoms of STIs Urethral discharge Burning sensation and pain during urination Prostatitis and epididymitis Genital herpes Syphilis

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Cancer Prostatic cancer Risk factors Age Race Family history Certain environmental agents Diet high in fat Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) Cancer (cont.) Prostatic cancer (cont.) Treatment Surveillance Radiation therapy Surgery Hormone treatments Testicular cancer Young and middle-aged adults

The Female Reproductive System Structures Gonads (ovaries) Formation of gametes (ova) Accessory organs Passageways External genital organs

Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system. 26

The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs Uterus Pear-shaped muscular organ Organ in which fetus develops and matures Regions Body (corpus) Cervix (neck) Fundus Broad ligaments Muscular wall Myometrium Endometrium

The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs (cont.) Uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes) Muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary Fimbriae The vagina Fornix Posterior fornix Rectouterine pouch Hymen

The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs (cont.) The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) Produce mucus Secreted into the vestibule Provide lubrication The vulva and the perineum External genitalia (vulva) Labia (labia majora and labia minora) Clitoris Mons pubis Perineum

Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system. 30

The Female Reproductive System (cont.) The Ovaries and Ova Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity. Ovaries produce ova. Ovarian follicle: Protects ovum Produces ovarian hormones Ovaries contain gametes at birth.

The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-10 The ovary. 32

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus Cyclic pattern of hormonal activity Menstruation Menstrual cycle Averages 28 days Ovulation Separates reproductive cycle into preovulatory (follicular) and postovulatory (luteal) phases

The Female Reproductive cycle What ovarian hormone peaks closest to ovulation? What ovarian hormone peaks after ovulation? 34

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Preovulatory Phase Several follicles enter final stages of maturation Increased production of estrogen Prepares the endometrium Elongates uterine secretory glands Proliferative phase in the uterus Inhibits release of FSH

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase LH surge in blood Causes ovulation Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone Endometrium continues to thicken Glands and blood vessels increase in size Secretory phase in the uterus Hormonal methods of contraception FSH and LH are inhibited via estrogen and progesterone feedback

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Menstruation If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease Endometrium degenerates, produces menses Endometrium begins to repair itself The decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels allows the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

Menopause Menstruation ceases Normal ovarian function declines Follicles stop maturing No appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced Effects of menopause may include nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and “hot flashes” (resulting from low levels of estrogen) Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

Menopause (cont.) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort Increases breast cancer risk Increases thrombosis and embolism risk Risks increase with duration of therapy

Birth Control (cont.) Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum Abortifacients Surgical sterilization Tubal ligation (female) Vasectomy (male) Hormonal methods for women Male contraceptive pill still under investigation Mifepristone (RU-486) (morning-after pill) is a drug taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy Male and female condoms

Birth Control (cont.) Figure 23-12 Condoms. 41

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea Endometriosis Uterine fibroids Abnormal uterine bleeding Menorrhagia Too frequent menstruation Nonmenstrual bleeding

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Menstrual Disorders (cont.) Endometriosis Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Symptoms Fluid retention (bloating) Swollen or tender breasts Headache Fatigue Irritability Anxiety Depression

Figure 23-13 Possible sites of endometriosis. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-13 Possible sites of endometriosis. 44

Benign and Malignant Tumors Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Benign and Malignant Tumors Benign and Malignant Tumors Fibroids (myomas) Hysterectomy Endometrial cancer Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer Linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-14 Pap smear. 46

Benign and Malignant Tumors Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Benign and Malignant Tumors Infections Sexually transmitted infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea HIV and genital herpes Syphilis Genital warts Salpingitis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Figure 23-15 Pathway of infection. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Figure 23-15 Pathway of infection. 48

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Infertility More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women Male infertility causes Oligospermia Seminiferous tubules damaged by x-rays, infections, toxins, malnutrition Smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive environmental heat Impaired sperm motility, blockage within duct system, testosterone deficiency, drug abuse

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Infertility (cont.) Female infertility causes Endocrine disorders Abnormalities in structure and function of reproductive organs Presence of inflammation or scar tissue in uterine tubes Endometriosis Early menopause Malnutrition

Case Study Infertility Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after having regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least one year Causes ruled out: Oligospermia; low levels of thyroid hormones and FSH; irregular ovulation Possible cause in Jessica and Brett’s case: Structural problem from endometriosis Scarred and blocked uterine tubes interfering with fertilization or nourishing the fertilized egg Diagnosed with laparoscopic examination 51

Case Study (cont.) Treatment plan In vitro fertilization Schedule of hormone supplements to induce ripening of multiple eggs Remove eggs from the ovary prior to ovulation Fertilize eggs with spouse’s sperm in the laboratory Transfer fertilized eggs back to the uterus bypassing the blocked uterine tubes 52

Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example The Male Reproductive System acr/o extremity, end The acrosome covers the head of a sperm cell. circum- around A cut is made around the glans to remove part of the foreskin in a circumcision. fer to carry The ductus deferens carries spermatozoa away from (de-) the testis. semin/o semen, seed Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules. test/o testis The hormone testosterone is produced in the testis. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System crypt/o hidden Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testis (orchid/o). olig/o few, deficiency Oligospermia is a deficiency in the numbers of spermatozoa produced.

Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) orchid/o, orchi/o testis Orchiectomy is removal of the testis. The Female Reproductive System metr/o uterus The myometrium is the muscular (my/o) layer of the uterus. ovar, ovari/o ovary An ovarian follicle encloses an ovum. ov/o, ov/i An ovum is an egg cell. rect/o rectum The rectouterine pouch is between the uterus and the rectum.

Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Disorders of the Female Reproductive System hyster/o uterus Hysterectomy is surgical removal of the uterus. men/o uterine bleeding, menses Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual flow. salping/o tube Salpingitis is inflammation of a tube, such as the uterine tube.