Kh Sadique Faisal Asst. Lecturer Northern University Bangladesh

 Primaquine (or primaquine phosphate) is a medication used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.  Pamaquine is effective against the hypnozoites of the relapsing malarias (P. vivax and P. ovale); and unlike primaquine, it is also very effective against the erythrocytic stages of all four human malarias. One small clinical trial of pamaquine as a causal prophylactic was disappointing (whereas primaquine is an extremely effective causal prophylactic).P. vivaxP. ovale

 Tafenoquine (also called WR or SB ) is an 8-aminoquinoline drug manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline that is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for malaria, as well as for malaria prevention.8-aminoquinoline  The proposed indication for tafenoquine is for treatment of the hypnozoite stages of Plasmodium vivax (and also Plasmodium ovale) that are responsible for relapse of these malaria species even when the blood stages are successfully cleared. Currently, this is only achieved by administration of daily primaquine for 14 days. The main advantage of tafenoquine is that it has a long half-life (2–3 weeks) and therefore a single treatment may be sufficient to clear hypnozoites. The shorter regimen has been described as an advantagePlasmodium vivaxPlasmodium ovaleprimaquine

 Emetine is a drug used as both an anti-protozoal and to induce vomiting. It is produced from the ipecac root. The identification of emetine as a more potent agent improved the treatment of amoebiasis. While use of emetine still caused nausea, it was more effective than the crude extract of ipecac root. Additionally, emetine could be administered hypodermically which still produced nausea, but not to the degree experienced in oral administration. The identification of emetine as a more potent agent improved the treatment of amoebiasis. While use of emetine still caused nausea, it was more effective than the crude extract of ipecac root. Additionally, emetine could be administered hypodermically which still produced nausea, but not to the degree experienced in oral administration.

 The quinolones are a family of synthetic broad- spectrum antibacterial drugs. The first generation of the quinolones began with the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract infections in humans. Nalidixic acid is effective against both gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. In lower concentrations, it acts in a bacteriostatic manner; that is, it inhibits growth and reproduction. In higher concentrations, it is bactericidal, meaning that it kills bacteria instead of merely inhibiting their growth.gram-negative

 Ciprofloxacin (INN) is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and abdominal infections. Ciprofloxacin is used alone or in combination with other antibacterial drugs in the empiric treatment of infections for which the bacterial pathogen has not been identified, including urinary tract infections and abdominal infections among others. It is also used for the treatment of infections caused by specific pathogens known to be sensitiveINN

 Levofloxacin (Levaquin (U.S.), Tavanic (E.U.), and others) is a broad spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Levofloxacin is used to treat infections including: respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, endocarditis, meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, traveler's diarrhea, tuberculosis and plague.  In the adult population Oral and I.V. levofloxacin is used for the treatment of bacterial infections such as:

 Urinary Tract Infections  Community-acquired pneumonia Community-acquired pneumonia  Skin and Skin Structure Infections  Nosocomial Pneumonia  Chronic bacterial prostatitis Recommended as first line therapy.  Inhalational Anthrax  Acute Bacterial Sinusitis  Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis  Acute Pyelonephritis  Pneumonic plague and septicemic plague (Yersinia pestis) and prophylaxis in adults and pediatric patients, 6 months of age and older.