Chapter 22 The Progressive Era

Who were the Progressives? New Middle Class of young professionals Apply principles of professions to problems of society Volunteer organizations Never fully united/often contradictory Mainly urban Hofstadter’s theory: “status revolution”

Muckrakers Henry Demarest Lloyd and Ida Tarbell, exposed Standard Oil Lincoln Steffens, “The Shame of the Cities,” attacked political machines

The Progressive Mind Arouse “conscious of the people” “laissez faire is obsolete” Paternalistic, oversimplified issues Often at war with themselves

Progressive Artists Sloan, Henri, Luks: “ashcan artists” Felt they were “rebels” Angry when European artists like Matisse and Picasso got all the glory! Henri’s Gypsy Girl

“Radical” Progressives Eugene Debs and Socialists IWW and Bill Haywood Freud “Bohemian thinkers” like Duncan, Stiglietz, Dell, O’Neill

Margaret Sanger Militant campaigner for birth control Mother’s 18 pregnancies and 11 live births Arrested for violating “postal indecency” laws American Birth Control League (in 1942 becomes Planned Parenthood)

Writers Ezra Pound Carl Sandburg

Cities First: Reform! Abe Ruef in San Francisco, p. 577 Toledo Mayor Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones Mayor Tom Johnson (Cleveland), Seth Low and John P. Mitchell (New York), Hazen Pingree (Detroit) City manager system starts in Dayton “gas and water socialism”

State Reform: Wisconsin Leads the Way Bob Lafollette and WISCONSIN IDEA Direct primary, limit campaign contributions Commissions and agencies Oregon experiments with initiative and referendum

State Social Legislation Role of 14 th Amendment in striking down progressive laws? Lochner v. NY, Hammer v. Dagenhart, Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire disaster

Consumer’s League “investigate, agitate, legislate” Louis Brandeis and “Brandeis Brief,” based on evidence!

Women’s Suffrage Failures of 14 th and 15 th Amendment American Women’s Suffrage Association National Women’s Suffrage Association –E. C. Stanton, S. B. Anthony “Victorian ideals”

National American Women’s Suffrage Association Stanton and Anthony, later Carrie Chapman Catt More radical Congressional Union –Alice Paul, Alva Belmont –Pickets White house

Political Reform 16 th Amendment 17 th Amendment Reforms in House of Reps –“Czar” Tom Reed

TR: “Cowboy in the White House” His background Alarmed conservatives! ICC, Newlands Act, Dept. of Commerce and Bureau of Corps, Elkins RR Act Needed EFFECTIVE regulation—not afraid to DO IT!

Roosevelt takes on Big Business Northern Securities: JP Morgan tries to stop him! 1902 Coal Strike: he organizes mediation Evolution of Modern Presidency!