Urbanization and segregation

Where Americans lived, Size of place Total Under 1,000, or unincorporated place , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000, ,999, ,000,

RankArea Name Census PopulationChange April 1, 2000April 1, 1990Number% 1New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA21,199,86519,549,6491,650,2168.4% 2Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA16,373,64514,531,5291,842, % 3Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA9,157,5408,239,820917, % 4Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA7,608,0706,727,050881, % 5San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA7,039,3626,253,311786, % 6Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA6,188,4635,892,937295,5265.0% 7Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA5,819,1005,455,403363,6976.7% 8Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA5,456,4285,187,171269,2575.2% 9Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA5,221,8014,037,2821,184, % 10Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA4,669,5713,731,131938, % 11Atlanta, GA MSA4,112,1982,959,9501,152, % 12Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA3,876,3803,192,582683, % 13Seattle--Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA3,554,7602,970,328584, % 14Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA3,251,8762,238,4801,013, % 15Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA2,968,8062,538,834429, % 16Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA2,945,8312,859,64486,1873.0% 17San Diego, CA MSA2,813,8332,498,016315, % 18St. Louis, MO--IL MSA2,603,6072,492,525111,0824.5% 19Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA2,581,5061,980,140601, % 20San Juan--Caguas--Arecibo, PR CMSA2,450,2922,270,808179,4847.9%

Decade Net Immigration Immigration Index Black Migration from South Black Migration Index ,876, , ,757, , ,888, , ,188, , ,888, , ,443, , , , , ,581, Foreign immigration and Southern born black migration

Segregation in U.S. cities : Birth of the ghetto : Consolidation and expansion of the ghetto – 1990 : Decline in segregation nationwide

Reasons for segregation Around 1950: Segregation enforced by whites limiting blacks access to white neighborhoods In 1990: Whites pay more for the same type of housing in neighborhoods without blacks.

Index of dissimilarity N is the total number of neighborhoods Value of index ranges from 0-1 Measures the share of either the black or white population would need to change areas for the races to be evenly distributed in a city < 0.3 is considered low 0.3 – 0.6 is moderate > 0.6 is considered high

A foot in the door … City SuburbsCitySuburbs Number of census tracts in all cities 6,113 13,310 9,378 16,664 27,183 Percentage of tracts with black share Exactly zero

Attitudinal changes “White people should have a right to keep blacks out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and blacks should respect that right.” YearWhites agreeing % % %

Measure Blacks From Whites Hispanics From Whites Asians From Whites Index of Dissimarility Average Percentage change in decade 1980 to to Number of Metropolises, by direction of change: Index of segregation higher in Index of segregation lower in Recent changes in segregation