Beginning of the Chapter The Genetics of Obesity 2

Weight loss based on your genetic profile Eat healthy based on your genetic profile

OBESITY The two Factors for Obesity Too little exercise Too much food But why can people with the same lifestyle be of different body weight?

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Many years Kate Lucy Cindy Kate Lucy Cindy 80kg 50kg 70kg 50kg FAT PPARG FABP2 Fat uptake Protection Protection Protection

OBESITY How do we know? No genetic variation Genetic variation (Pro12Ala PPARG-Gene) Study 1-30 Thousands of subjects Increased BMI Normal BMI Rankinen et al., Obesity 14: Study subjects Increasing BMI Constant BMI Robitaille et al., Clin Genet 63: , 2003 Study subjects Weight gain No weight gain Memisoglu et al., Human Molecular Genetics 12: , 2001 Experiment: More fat in the diet Experiment: High-fat diet >>>7500 further studies on this gene

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Fat absorption gene FAT

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight FAT Fat absorption gene

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Many years Kate Lucy Cindy Kate Lucy Cindy 80kg 50kg 70kg 50kg FAT PPARG FABP2 Fat uptake Protection Protection Protection

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Many years Kate Lucy Cindy Kate Lucy Cindy 75kg 50kg Carbohydrates ADRB2 Carbohydrate-risk Protection 75kg Carbohydrate-risk

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Kate Lucy Cindy PPARG FABP2 Fat uptake Protection Protection Protection ADRB2 Carbohydrate-risk Protection Carbohydrate-risk Carb-Burner (Fat sensitive) Fat-Burner (Carb sensitive) Mixed type (Sensitive to both moderately) Fat Sensitivity Carb Sensitiv.

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Kate Lucy Cindy Carb- Burner (Fat sensitive) Fat-Burner (Carb sensitive) Mixed type (Sensitive to both moderately) LOW FAT LOW CARB BALANCED TYPE Optimal Nutrition

OBESITY The two Factors for Overweight Too little exercise Too much food But why can people with the same lifestyle be of different body weight?

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight 6 Months Kate Lucy Cindy Kate Lucy Cindy 70kg 50kg 60kg 75kg Exercise PPARG ADRB2 INEFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE FTO INEFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Kate Lucy Cindy 75kg EXERCISE EXERCISE EXERCISE How effective is the weight loss strategy?

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight 6 Months Kate Lucy Cindy Kate Lucy Cindy 50kg 70kg 60kg 75kg Eating less PPARG ADRB2 INEFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE FTO INEFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE INEFFECTIVEINEFFECTIVE

OBESITY How our Genes Influence our Body Weight Kate Lucy Cindy 75kg EXERCISE EXERCISE EXERCISE Eating less How effective is the weight loss strategy? Optimal Distribution

OBESITY What questions can be answered by a genetic analysis? EXERCISE Eating less EXERCISE Eating less ? EXERCISE Eating less EXERCISE Eating less EXERCISE Eating less

OBESITY Sport Eating less Sport Eating less ? EXERCISE Eating less Sport Eating less Sport Eating less MOST EFFECTIVE 133 kcal/day -717 kcal/day What questions can be answered by a genetic analysis?

OBESITY What questions can be answered by a genetic analysis? EXERCISE EATING LESS 133 kcal/day -717 kcal/day LOW FAT LOW CARB BALANCED, LESS FAT BALANCED, LESS CARBS BALANCED ?

OBESITY EXERCISE Eating less 133 kcal/Day -717 kcal/Day LOW FAT LOW CARB BALANCED, LOW FAT BALANCED, LOW CARB BALANCED ? MOST EFFECTIVE 48% Carb 32% FAT 20% PROT What questions can be answered by a genetic analysis?

OBESITY Comparison: Genetics vs. Standard weight loss Exercise is very effective Eating less is less effective Carbohydrate sensitive Genetic predisposition A little sport Intense calory reduction Low-Fat diet Lots of Exercise Little calory reduction Low-Carb Diet -5kg -12.5kg ? 2.5 times more successful >> without genetic testing with genetic testing

GENETIC ANALYSIS The 8 Genes Responsible

GENETIC ANALYSIS Which statements can be made based on genetic analyses?

GENETIC ANALYSIS Which statements can be made based on genetic analyses?

GENETIC ANALYSIS Which statements can be made based on genetic analyses?

GENETIC ANALYSIS The Program 1)Weight loss phase (lose weight) 2)Adaptation phase (slowly increase calories) 3)Stability phase (maintain weight)

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan The article system Rice pudding (High carb, Low fat) Bacon (Low carb, High fat)

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan The food item system Fat sensitive person: Carbohydrate sensitive person:

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet? Option 1: The Food Item System – Compose your own menu (relatively complex) (very flexible) (very effective)

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan The food item system

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan If a food item has the wrong distribution, reduce the amount If a food item has the right distribution, increase the amount

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan Overall, the correct distribution Example of food item recommendation

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan 15 food items allowed

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan 15 food items allowed 1x chicken 3x buns 2x tomatoes = 6 Food Items

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan Example: 5 meals per day Breakfast 4 Food Items Snack 1 Food Item Lunch 5 Food Items Snack 1 Food Item Dinner 4 Food Items Example: 3 meals per day Breakfast 5 Food Items Lunch 5 Food Items Dinner5 Food Items = 15 Food Items

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan The Food Item system

GENETIC ANALYSIS Flexible Diet Plan

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet? Option 1: The Food Item System – Compose your own menu (relatively complex) (very flexible) (very effective) Option 2: Pay attention to the red and green bars (very easy) (very flexible) (moderately effective)

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can we use this knowledge? More than 1000 food types are rated according to the genes Promotes obesity, avoid! Promotes optimal body weight, enjoy!

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can we use this knowledge? Avoid the foods marked with red bars, focus on the foods marked with green bars

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet? Option 1: The Food Item System – Compose your own menu (relatively complex) (very flexible) (very effective) Option 2: Pay attention to the red and green bars (very easy) (very flexible) (moderately effective) Option 3: Ready-made menu suggestions (very easy) (low flexibility) (very effective)

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet?

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet? Option 1: The Food Item System – Compose your own menu (relatively complex) (very flexible) (very effective) Option 2: Pay attention to the red and green bars (very easy) (very flexible) (moderately effective) Option 3: Ready-made menu suggestions (very easy) (low flexibility) (very effective) Option 4: Menu Portal – online diet planning (very easy) (very flexible) (very effective)

GENETIC ANALYSIS How can you plan your diet?

SPORT How can you plan the Exercise? Sport Eating less Sport Eating less ? Exercise Eating less Sport Eating less Sport Eating less MOST EFFECTIVE 133 kcal/Day

SPORTS PROGRAM Genetically Adapted Sports Program

SPORTS PROGRAM Genetically Adapted Sports Program

SPORTS PROGRAM Genetically Adapted Sports Program MUSCLE MASS MAINTENANCE MUSCLE MASS LOSS POWERENDURANCE POWERENDURANCE

End of the Chapter The Genetics of Overweight 2