Chapter 3 Minerals and Rocks

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 3 Minerals and Rocks Earth Materials

Minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous solid of definite chemical composition and ordered atomic arrangement that is usually formed by inorganic processes. A Natural Crystalline Phase

Minerals A mineral must occur naturally. It must be chemically homogeneous down to the atomic level It must have a chemical formula (eg SiO2, FeS2) It must have a defined crystal structure. It must be inorganic (not the result of biological processes alone).

Some Familiar Minerals Quartz (SiO2) Pyrite (FeS2) Calcite (CaCO3) Gold (Au) Silver (Ag) Copper (Cu) Diamond (C) Graphite (C) K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8) Na-feldspar (NaAlSi3O8) Olivine (Mg2SiO4) Garnet (Mg3Al2Si3O12) Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Apatite (Ca5 (PO4)3OH) Ice (H2O) Halite (NaCl) (Salt)

Hydrothermal Gold

Halite NaCl (Salt) Occurrence: Evaporites, Salt Domes Uses: Table salt, De-icing, Nuclear waste host rock?

Calcite CaCO3

Ice H2O

Quartz SiO2

Quartz SiO2

Mineral Properties Hardness (Mohs Scale) Luster Color Shape Density

Some Non-Mineral Solids Obsidian (Glass) Opal (Amorphous) Coal (Amorphous) Wood (Organic) Amber (Organic)

Polymorphs Same composition - different structure Graphite - Diamond (C) Quartz - Tridymite - Cristobalite - Coesite Calcite - Aragonite (CaCO3) Pyrite - Marcasite (FeS2)

Isomorphs Same Structure - Different Composition Olivine (Mg2SiO4) (Fe2SiO4) Calcite - Rhodochrosite (CaCO3) (MnCO3) Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) - (Ca5(PO4)3F)

Rocks are Composed of Minerals

A Rock is an Aggregate of Minerals Igneous - Crystallized from melts Surface - Volcanic; Subsurface - Intrusive Sedimentary - Deposited from air and water on the surface Metamorphic Recrystallized from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks.