Age of Jefferson & Age of Jackson Unit IIIA AP U.S. History

What is Jeffersonianism?  Thomas Jefferson  Plantation farmer from Virginia; Statesman (Declaration of Independence, Secretary of State, Vice- President, President); “Renaissance Man”; Slave owner; Democratic-Republican  American Political Theory  States’ rights  Ultimate sovereignty in the states  Strict interpretation of the Constitution  Federal government priority to ensure rights/liberties  Standing armies dangerous; economic coercion better  Representative democracy and civic virtue  People responsible to the state  Prevent corruption and overpowering governments  Place their trust in natural elites  Yeoman farmers as the ideal citizen  Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue  Industrialists and urbanites influenced the electorate  Empire of Liberty  America’s responsibility to preserve and promote liberty around the world  Avoid foreign political alliances  Agriculture over industry  Responsibility of subsistence  Dependence led to class conflict  Society  Natives capable  Blacks inferiority and white superiority could lead to race war

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?  Consider the following historical concepts and events and answer the question…  The Federal Judiciary  Louisiana Purchase  Tripoli Pirates  Embargo Act of 1807

First Party System  American period of political parties between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans  Begins around 1792; ends between  Federalists: loose interpretation of Constitution; business, commercial, and upper class; New England; pro-British; dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of Judiciary  Democratic-Republicans: strict interpretation of Constitution; working class; South, West, frontier; large majorities in Congress and Executive in latter years

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary  Only Federalist justices on the Supreme Court  Judiciary Act of 1801  Reduced number of SC justices  Increased number of federal courts; filled by Adams  Repealed in 1802  Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Judicial review - Supreme Court’s determining constitutionality of issues  Dem-Reps lead impeachments against Federalist judges  Alcoholism and partisanship grounds for impeachment?

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase  Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan and Britain’s Control of the Atlantic  America sandwiched between European powers  Brokered a deal for $15 million  Gain control of New Orleans  Lewis and Clark Expedition  Find waterway from east to Pacific  Federalist opposition

Jefferson and the Tripoli Pirates  Barbary pirates earned revenue for North African states  Extorting and harassing American ships  U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Tripoli threat  Treaty signed in 1805 in favor of Americans  War cost less than preserving peace

Jefferson and the Embargo Act  Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed American trade  British impressment of Americans and seizures of American ships  HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake  Embargo Act of 1807  Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports  Economic impact on Americans  Merchants and traders suffered  Farms foreclosed  Increased production and diversified manufacturing

Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’s  James Madison (D-R) elected President, but Federalists gain some seats  Anglo-French rivalry bullies USA  Nonintercourse Act of 1809  Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)  British influence in the West

Leading Up to the War of 1812  United States vs. Great Britain  British impressment  “Our old enemy.”  British influence in the frontier  War hawks  John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay  Opposition  Federalists  Old guard Dem-Reps  New England and merchants

War of 1812  Failed American invasion of Canada  British Invasion of D.C. and Baltimore  Naval Victories and U.S.S. Constitution  Americans and the Natives  Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison  Battle of Horseshoe Bend  Battle of New Orleans  Andrew Jackson  Treaty of Ghent (1814)  Stalemate; nothing earned  Patriotic victory

Nature FTW

“Old Ironsides” 42 Wins 0 Losses - Constructed in Still in commission

The End of the Federalists  “Victory” over Great Britain and pro- British/anti-war support labeled them as unpatriotic  Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)  Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep in West and South  Talk of secession by radicals*  After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would dissolve even in New England stronghold

War of 1812’s Impact  International respect  Development of U.S.-Canada relations  Natives on their own and weak  Industrial development  Growth of nationalism  Eyes toward the West

Era of Good Feelings  James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R)  Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spirits  Political, economical, and social debates linger

Growth of American Nationalism  Effect of the “victory” over Great Britain  Exciting opportunities with land and increased manufacturing  The arts and education infused with patriotic themes

A STRONG Central Government  Fletcher v. Peck ruled state law unconstitutional  Martin v. Hunter’s Lease ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts  McCullogh v. Maryland ruled on implied powers  Gibbons v. Ogden increased federal government’s commerce authority

Dem-Reps Fracturing  Democratic-Republicans split as nation grows  Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rights  New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist- type platforms; nationalism

America Expands  Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native lands  Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S.  Cheap land sold by government  Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders west  South demands new fertile land  Slavery a necessity  Improved infrastructure makes expanding easier  Influx of immigrants

Missouri Compromise (1820)  Given North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balance  House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block legislation  Tallmadge Amendment  Prohibit more slaves in Missouri  Free child slaves by 25 years old  Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay  Missouri as a slave state  Maine as a free state  Latitude 36 30’

America’s Foreign Policy  Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)  naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and Canada  Treaty of 1818  Better relations with Great Britain  Florida  Andrew Jackson’s exploits and Seminole Wars  Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)  Concerned about European aggression in the Americas  Americas not subject to colonization  United States gives warning to Europe, including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign development of the Americas

America’s Market Economy  Population increases with high birth rate and immigration  Transportation  Cumberland Road (National Road)  Canals connected major waterways  Steamboats  Railroads  Industry  Monumental growth  Innovations/inventions; selling stocks/corporations; factory systems; labor availability; unions  Agriculture  Cheap land and easy credit  New markets

Cumberland Road

Erie Canal

A New Economy  Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and war  Tariff of 1816  Protective tariff  The American System by Henry Clay  Protective tariffs  National bank  Infrastructure  Panic of 1819  Bank of U.S. reduced interest rates to control inflation  Land speculation and recession hits the West hard

United States c. 1824

Jacksonian Democracy  Rise of the “common man”  Among white male society, equal opportunity was evident  Universal male suffrage  Change from caucuses to conventions  Selection of electors chosen more by voters  Increase in local and state elections  Rise of third parties  Spoils system -> patronage, loyalty  FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy.

D-R Split and Election of 1824  With no opposition and sectional and political differences, Dem-Reps split up  Election of 1824 has four candidates, including John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson  “Corrupt Bargain”  House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson earning popular vote  Split among National Republicans and Jackonian Democrats

John Quincy Adams  Son of Federalist John Adams  National Republican who favored strong central government and federal programs  Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress  Alienated the South and West  Tariff of 1828

Election of 1828  During Quincy Adams’s presidency, Jackson built a popular coalition, especially in the West and South  Political campaigns on national levels  Jackson’s wife  Coffin Handbill  Large turnout  Jackson soundly defeats Adams

“Old Hickory”  Unlike the previous presidents  War hero and example of common man success  Practiced the spoils system  Took office promising a strong executive  Endorsed states’ rights

Jackson’s Presidency  Vetoed more bills by Congress than all predecessors  “Kitchen Cabinet”  Peggy Eaton  Indian Removal Act (1830)  Jackson supported states and prevented full federal support of natives  Nullification Crisis  South Carolina and the Tariff of Abominations  Webster-Hayne Debate  Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

Jackson and the Economy  Jackson and the Bank  Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as unconstitutional  Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but “suspiciously”  Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster  Jackson denied Bank’s charter  Considered a private monopoly  A force against the common man  Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet banks”  Specie Circular  Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver rather than bank notes  Panic of 1837  Land speculation and price decrease  Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and inflation  Denial of Bank charter  Banks closed; unemployment increased; depression for next five years

Second Party System  American political period from 1828 to 1854 of relatively even party lines  National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize political parties  Split of D-R’s leads to National Republicans and Jacksonian Democrats leads to Democrats vs. Whigs  Rise of third parties  Democrats: states’ rights, laissez-faire and free trade; equal opportunity; South and West; working class – Andrew Jackson, Martin van Buren  Whigs: American System; tariffs; strong federal government; social conservatives; New England, Northerners; upper and middle class professionals – Henry Clay  Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Freemasons, promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism; introduced party conventions  Liberty Party: abolitionist party  Free Soil Party: anti-slavery party in latter years

The End of Jacksonian Democracy  Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency drifted support toward Whigs  Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war hero and depicted common man  Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in office  John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic issues  The nation enters period of expansion and slavery