Jefferson Changes Everything A New Ideology for the United States Jefferson Changes Everything

Election of 1801 Adams vs. Jefferson – Nasty and hard fought Jefferson ties with VP running mate Aaron Burr a shady character from NY. Article II Section 3 sends election to “House”. After 35 ballots Jefferson wins w/Burr as VP. Alexander Hamilton hates Burr and makes sure Jefferson beats him.

Hamilton and Burr Hamilton used influence with Federalists to help Jefferson beat Burr Better a Republican than the likes of Burr as president of the US. Used newspapers to expose Burr’s shady reputation . Burr – insulted - demands public apology – tries for years. Hamilton refuses, a deal needed whereby Burr can save face & Hamilton doesn’t contradict beliefs. Cannot agree on a deal…Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton must accept, but takes it lightly.

Hamilton and Burr July 11, 1804 Alexander Hamilton & Aaron Burr duel - illegally -in Weehawken, New Jersey. Hamilton is killed. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/duel.htm

Judicary Act of 1801 Adams’ last legislative act increases number of Federal judges. (New Presidents took office in March) Wants to make sure Federalist policy continues in Courts. Appoints 16 “Midnight Judges” on last day of office, but all letters of appointment not delivered. Jefferson tells Madison, his Secretary of State – forget it! William Marbury challenges Madison in Supreme Court to demand he be installed as a Federal Judge.

Marbury vs. Madison Decison Among the important Supreme Court Decisions Establishes concept of Judicial Review Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, ruled the original Judiciary Act of 1789, unconstitutional... …no part of Constitution that orders Supreme Court to force a President to appoint a particular judge.

Marbury vs. Madison Decison Chief Justice Marshall’s BIG PROBLEM was… Order Jefferson to appoint - Jefferson Ignores him - Supreme Court’s authority gets weakened Deny Marbury’s claim to the judge’s bench and - Court appears afraid of the new president Blames the Constitution – No Authority in Case

Federalists’ Power declines In all aspects of Government the new ideology won Government now less involved w/business and industry. - Businessmen less influential - More Republicans in government Common people supported Jefferson. National expansion favored Republicans Farmers moved to new territories. Courts became more balanced with Republican judges.

Jefferson’s Ideology Governments that “…govern least govern best.” Jefferson - Cuts government expense - Stops expansion of navy - Eliminates taxes – ending importance of banks - Drops tariffs - favors free trade Answered White House door, in his pajamas!

Louisiana Purchase 1803 – Spain returns Louisiana territory to France Jefferson fears French influence in middle of America - May force an alliance with hated British - No more access to Mississippi for farmers - Expansion plans for America endangered Offers to buy west Fl & New Orleans…meantime Napoleon loses Haiti & needs money for war vs. English Sells whole territory for $15 Million

Louisiana Purchase Doubles size of the US – Jefferson questions constitutionality! Explored for 2 years by Meriwether Lewis (Jefferson’s personal secretary) & William Clark, army officer respected by Lewis. Undaunted Courage, by Stephen Ambrose documents journey Scientific exploration as much as it was a survey. Jefferson sought publication of journal by Lewis repeatedly Lewis commits suicide at an inn, on the way to Washington

Jefferson Re-elected Louisiana Purchase helps Jefferson’s popularity – wins another 4 years. British-French War causes more problems – more impressment of US ships by both nations Chesapeake Incident – British fire on US ship & kill Americans Jefferson sponsors the Embargo Act of 1807 to punish Europe. Bad idea – ruined US farm exports & hurt economy War Hawks – John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay demand a declaration of war on England

1808 - Madison Wins Presidency Rides on ‘coattails’ of Jefferson Federalists effectively dead as a party Asks Congress to declare War of 1812 on England. Fought largely on the Great Lakes - Commodore Perry 2 other battles: - Washington & White House burned by British – US lost - New Orleans – Andrew Jackson leads US victory (Happens after the war is over!) Treaty of Ghent ends the war

Causes & Results of War of 1812 Impressment of US shipping by British Arming of Native Americans by British Canadians Pressure on Government by congressional War Hawks Results Gradual re-opening of Commercial trade with England Limits number of warships on Great Lakes Sets up US-Canadian Border at 49th Parallel to Rockies Confirmed US independence – Strengthens nationalism