Text book cover Magnolia Flower – reproduction (key property of life) Close association with other organisms – beetles carry pollen and obtain food (energy utilization) Flower shape and structure – adaptation (key property of life) Questions: What is the evolutionary origin of magnolias? Why do they grow in certain places and not in others? How do they grow from a single cell to a flowering tree? EEES : Biodiversity Bark has antibacterial properties and may reduce allergic and asthmatic reactions

Monarch butterflies Inquiring about life

Record amounts of dissolved phosphorus hit Lake Erie

Outline (Text book Chapter 1) What is Biology, Biodiversity? Some properties of life Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy utilization Response to the environment Homeostasis Adaptation Form fits function What are the levels of biological organization? What methods of science are used? Emergent properties Holism vs. reductionism

Some Properties of life (Fig. 1-3)

Growth and Development (Fig 1-3)

Energy Utilization - Metabolism autotrophsheterotrophs

Some Properties of Life: Summary homeostasis ptarmigan reproductionordergrowth and development Energy utilization Response to environment adaptation

Fig. 1-7 (a) Wings (c) Neurons (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 µm 100 µm Figure 1.7: Form fits function

6.7. The smaller the cell, the higher the surface-to-volume ratio Fig Geometric relationship between surface area and volume. Increase in size produces a decrease in the surface area/volume ratio.

Outline What is Biology, Biodiversity? Some properties of life Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy utilization Response to the environment Homeostasis Adaptation Form fits function What are the levels of biological organization? What methods of science are used? Emergent properties Holism vs. reductionism

Fig. 1-4 The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 µm 1 µm 50 µm Figure 1-4. Levels of biological organization

Fig. 1-4c The biosphere

Fig. 1-4d Ecosystems

Fig. 1-4e Communities

Fig. 1-4f Populations

Fig. 1-4g Organisms

Fig. 1-4 The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 µm 1 µm 50 µm Figure 1-4. Levels of biological organization

Fig. 1-4h Organs and organ systems Maple

Fig. 1-4i Tissues 50 µm

Fig. 1-4j Cells Cell 10 µm

Fig. 1-4k 1 µm Organelles Chloroplast

Fig. 1-4l Atoms Molecules Chlorophyll

Fig. 1-5 Fig Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

Emergent Properties Each level of biological organization has properties that are not found at lower levels  so how do we study these levels?

Outline What is Biology, Biodiversity? Some properties of life Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy utilization Response to the environment Homeostasis Adaptation Form fits function What are the levels of biological organization? What methods of science are used? Emergent properties Holism vs. reductionism

Two different, complementary approaches Dead fish in river Take fish out and bring to the lab Identify symptoms, affected tissues Run tests on liver, kidney, etc. Identify the chemical reaction that caused the death of the fish Analyze water quality Identify sources of pollution Analyze activities that produce pollution Identify the necessary changes in these activities that caused the death of the fish Reductionism Holism Solve the problem

Two different, complementary approaches Reductionism: Natural objects and processes can be explained by studying their parts (‘the whole is the sum of its parts’). Holism: Living nature is a scheme of interactions whereby the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Everything is connected!

Malaria control with DDT (SE Asia) DDT Kills mosquitoes Kills roaches Reduces lizardsIncreases straw-eating insects Reduces cats Destroys homes Increases rats Increases fleas Increases bubonic plague

Test prediction Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Test prediction Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Fig Scientific method: hypothetisis-based inquiry (cause and effect) [deduction] Discovery science: Descriptive approach using careful observations and analysis of data [induction]

Engineering 1. Identify the problem 2. Propose a tentative solution to the problem 4. Formulate a new hypothesis, that includes the increased knowledge about the observation. Two parallel approaches Science 1. Make an observation 2. Propose an explanation for this observation (i.e. develop a hypothesis) and make a prediction based on that hypothesis 3. Test this prediction to see if it comes true 3. Test this solution in the form of a model (mathematical, physical, or other) to see if it solves the problem 4. Implement the solution in the real system and monitor its effectiveness 5. Collect fee ($)

Example test question What is the primary reason for including a control within the design of an experiment? a)To provide more data so that one can perform a more sophisticated statistical analysis. b)To test the effect of more than one variable. c)To accumulate more facts that can be reported to other scientists. d)To insure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable. e)To demonstrate in what way the experiment was performed incorrectly.

Outline Core themes in biology (‘paradigms’) How to organize the diversity of life? Systematics and taxonomy

All organisms are composed of cells, their basic unit of structure and function. These cells ‘do’ chemistry. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy. Structure and function are correlated at all level of biological organization Organisms interact with eachother, take in energy from their environment and convert it into a useful format. There is a universal genetic code shared by all organisms and this code transmits information between generations. Evolution by natural selection results in adaptation. Some paradigms in Biology (see also Chapter 1, p )

Figure 1.20 Natural selection peppered moth, Biston betularia Descent with modification

Evolutionary adaptation is a product of natural selection Seahorse Poorwill

Galapagos Islands South America Charles Darwin

Figure 1.22 Descent with modification: Adaptive radiation of finches on the Galápagos Islands Different beaks adapted to food sources on different islands

How to classify all this diversity? Taxonomy: The method of naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. Systematics: The scientific study of the diversity of life. Phylogenetics: The study of the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Lacks membrane- enclosed nucleus/organelles

Fig The three domains of life

Fig Classifying life Linnaeus ( ) Binomial classification

Look at Chapter 1 Review (p ) Themes connecting the concepts of biology The core theme: Evolution producing unity and diversity of life Forms of inquiry in the study of nature