** CAUSED BY A GOVERNMENT FAILING TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE!!!! Political Revolutions

Glorious Revolution (England, 1688) CausesEffects -Magna Carta -Puritan Revolution -Established Parliamentary Democracy -Bloodless change of power - Rise of Limited/ Constitutional Monarchy -English Bill of Rights -Democratic Reforms

Political Philosophies Spur Revolution Era of Absolutism- Peter and Catherine the Great- Akbar the Great- Suleiman the Magnificent- Louis XIV Political system with ONE monarch: high taxes, strong military, NO LEGISLATIVE BODY Westernized Russia, gained warm-water ports Enlightened Despot India, very tolerant of diverse religions Ottoman Empire: modernized military and laws, Muslim France: Palace of Versailles  bankrupt, divine right

Political Philosophies Spur Revolution Enlightenment- John Locke- Voltaire- Montesquieu- Rousseau- Intellectual movement focused on human logic and reason; change relationship btwn people and gov’t NATURAL RIGHTS!!! People have right to overthrow gov’t if they’re not being met Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly Checks and Balances; 3 branches of gov’t; More people power The Social Contract, believed in the will of majority

French Revolution ( ) CausesEffects -Enlightenment - American Revolution -Absolute Monarchy - Rigid Estate (class) system - Economic Problems -Death of King  creation of democracy - Reign of terror - Rise of Napoleon  spread of nationalism  defeat by Russia’s geography -Congress of Vienna (balance of power)

Russian Revolution (Bolsheviks, 1917) CausesEffects -Absolute Monarch (Czar) -Russo-Japanese War and WWI -Bloody Sunday -Poor peasants -Lack of Industrialization -Rise of Communists (Bolsheviks) -Creation of a communist state (Soviet Union) -Persecution of Dissenters -Lenin’s New Economic Policy (some private ownership)  Stalin’s Five Year Plan (collectives and Increased industrialization)

Chinese Communist Revolution (1949) CausesEffects -Foreign (Japan) Imperialism - Chinese Civil War (Communist v. Nationalists) - Communists win support of peasant and women -Communist state under Mao Zedong  Great Leap Forward  Cultural Revolution - Equality of women -Deng Xiaoping- economic freedom (Four Modernizations) but not political (Tiananmen Square)

Iranian Revolution (1979) CausesEffects - Islamic Fundamentalist Gov’t led by Ayatollah Khomeini (Islamic Fundamentalism  movement that opposes Westernization and supports traditional Islam) -U.S. Hostage Crisis - Anti-Iraq, Anti-West, Anti-Secular (Secular = non-religious -Corrupt Shah - Anti-Western feelings -Rise in Islamic Fundamentalism