Beliefs, Attitudes and Uses Underpinning Freedom of Expression and Privacy Online: A Comparative Perspective William Dutton Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Global Values Project: Presentation for Freedom of Expression on the Internet, UNESCO, with the Moroccan Internet Society, Marrakesh, Morocco, 16 February 2013

 Focus: Global User Perspectives on Freedom of Expression  Researchers: William Dutton, Principal Investigator; Soumitra Dutta, Co-Principal Investigator; Ginette Law, Research Associate, Gillian Bolsover, Research Assistant, Isabella Litke, Research Assistant  Based at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, in collaboration with the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University.  Surveys conducted in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and comScore with support from ictQatar  Administrative support through ISIS Innovation, University of Oxford  Online field research conducted by Toluna and comScore The Global Values Project

1.New online nations are dominant in the New World; 2.Users developing a global Internet culture: sharing similar values and attitudes; 3.Newly adopting countries are as liberal, if not more so, such as in support for freedom of expression; 4.Users in the newly adopting nations are more innovative in some patterns of use, e.g., social networking. The Global Values Project: The New Internet World

Research Questions Where does MENA sit in the ‘New Internet World’? Are there patterns of beliefs, attitudes or use constraining freedom of expression or privacy online in the MENA region?

Methodology Online survey of Internet users in selected nations of the Middle East and North Africa conducted in two phases, from July through September 2012, fielded by Toluna.* Merged with online survey of Internet users in selected nations world-wide from July through September 2012, fielded by comScore. Contextualized by review of related research and literature, including other survey data available to the project investigators. *The survey was suspended during Ramadan.

(N) = 2,309(N) = 9,166 The Survey Sample Composition: 11,225 respondents in over 58 countries MENA REGION AFRICALATIN AMERICA ASIAEUROPEOCEANIA /AUS NORTH AMERICA TOTAL (N)2, ,8252,1562, ,31211,225

MENA REGIONGCCNORTH AFRICA Algeria229Bahrain11Algeria229 Bahrain11Kuwait197Egypt529 Egypt529Oman141Morocco270 Iran3Qatar156Tunisia108 Iraq1Saudi Arabia511 Israel10UAE245 Jordan243 Kuwait197 Morocco270 Oman141 Qatar156 Saudi Arabia511 Tunisia108 UAE245 Yemen149 TOTAL

Languages Used by Respondents

Number and Proportion of Internet Users by Region Source: Internet World Stats- Penetration rates are based on a world population of 6,930,055,154 and 2,267,233,742 estimated Internet users for December 31,

Number and Proportion of Internet Users in MENA Region Source: Internet World Stats- Penetration rates are based on a regional population of 349,469,811 and 112,623,669 estimated Internet users for December 31,

Number and Proportion of Internet Users: North Africa Source: Internet World Stats- Penetration rates are based on a regional population of 164,097,529 and 45,904,952 estimated Internet users for December 31,

Patterns of Use Image courtesy of jannoon028/FreeDigitalPhotos.net Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com MENA users rely more on the Internet for information & communication than users in North America/Europe. The Internet is a greater source of entertainment, such as music, in the MENA region. MENA users more involved in content production than old Internet countries. However, less reliance on the Internet for work/school and business and commerce in MENA.

Online Content Production Images courtesy of digitalart and graur razvan ionut/FreeDigitalPhotos.net

“How often do you use the Internet for the following purposes?” (mean)

Global Values: Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust, … Image scourtesy of maya picture and digitalart/FreeDigitalPhotos.net

Perceptions of Media Freedom in the MENA Region

“I can express myself freely online” Proportions Who ‘Totally Disagree’ (MENA)

Privacy and Data Protection Imagess courtesy of Salvatore Vuono and adamr/FreeDigitalPhotos.net Users are divided over the conditions under which governments should have any role in monitoring online behavior. Users express guarded support for monitoring use, but not tracking their own online activity. Users exhibit uncertainty over who is collecting what personal information about them online. Many users are worried about putting personal information online.

 The MENA Region Reflects the New Internet World - Innovative Uses of the Internet and Social Media - Support for the Internet for Information, Entertainment, Expression, … - Support for Core Internet Values: Freedom of Expression, Privacy, … - But More Sensitive Areas of Expression  Concerns over Privacy, Trust, Security, …  Spectrum of Regional Opinions between Two Poles: Traditional versus Next Generation Users (education, age, and experience online)  Differences with MENA Region Over-Arching Themes Image courtesy of uak_rock8/Flickr.com

 Interventions in Support of More Inclusive Access: - Take-up - Skills - Digital Literacy  Encourage Greater Use in Business, Government and Commerce  Foster Dialogue Across the Spectrum of Opinions  Address Uncertainties and Anxieties Implications for Discussion