Unit 2 The universal language Grammar and usage

1. What kind of person is the princess Turandot? (She is) Cold-hearted. 2. How many times will Turandot be staged in the Forbidden City? (It will be staged in the Forbidden City) Eight (times). 3. What were the key ingredients for the production of this opera? The bringing together of the group of people from many countries, the music and the setting (were the key ingredients for the production of this opera). Review: Answer some questions based on Turandot in Beijing.

What is Ellipsis? Some words can be left out when we do not want to repeat them. This is called ellipsis.

Ellipsis is used when we do not want to repeat words or phrases that are obvious. Some words of a sentence can be left out while the meaning can still be understood.

1. My father likes sports more than Tom. (wrong) 2. My father likes sports more than Tom does. (correct) 3. My father likes sports more than he likes Tom. (correct)

I. 简单句中的省略 1. 在口语中 —How is your mother today? —(She is ) Much better. (Is there) Anything wrong? 2. 在祈使句中 (You) Open the door, please. (I) Thank you very much.

3. 在感叹句中 What a (good) boy (he is)! How (hard) they are working! 4. 名词所有格修饰的名词若表示店铺, 住宅, 教堂或上下 文已暗示或明确指出过的事物 At her mother’s (house) she passed many happy days. I met him at the doctors’ (house).

5. 动词不定式的省略 a. 为避免重复, 常省略上文已提到的动词原形, 只保留不定式中的 小品词 to: 这类动词有 :expect, forget, hope, intend, mean, prefer, refuse, try, want, wish, would like, like 和 love 等。 如 : She asked me to dance with her, but I didn’t want to (dance with her). —Will you go with me? —Well, I’d like to (go with you). b. 在 have to, need, ought to, be going to, used to 等后省略动词。 如 : I really didn’t want to go there with him, but I had to (go there with him).

c. 在某些形容词 delight, glad, happy, pleased 等后 省略 to 后面的动词。 如 : — Will you join in our discussion? — I’ll be glad to (join in your discussion). d. 若不定式中带有 be, have 等, 通常保留 be, have 。 如 : —Are you a teacher? —No, but I used to be (a teacher). John didn’t come, but he ought to have (come).

1. —He promised to come to see you. —But he __________. I’ve been all alone. A. didn’t B. wouldn’t C. hasn’t D. won’t 2. —Have you watered the flowers? —No, but __________. A.I am B. I’m going C. I’m just going to D.I will go 3. —He hasn’t gone to the office up to now. —Well, he __________. A. should B. ought to C. ought to go D. ought to have

II. 并列句中的省略 1. 后面分句中与前面相同的部分常被省略。 如： She was poor but (she was) honest. Bob has done his homework, but Tom hasn’t (done his homework). 2. 有时并列句中的省略部分出现在前面的分句中， 看完最后一个分句才能掌握全句的完整意义。 如： Mary can （ speak English ） and (Mary) ought to speak English. Bob works (in London), and Peter lives in London.

III. 复合句中的省略 1. 主句的省略 1 ）主句的省略多见于句首，多用于口语中。 (It’s a) pity you couldn’t come. 2) 在对话中答句省去整个主句只用从句。 —Shall I go to play? —If you like. (you can go to play).

2. 宾语从句中的省略 1 ）由 which, when, where, how 和 why 引导的宾语从句 中与主句重复的主语或谓语, 可全部或部分省去, 只保留 引导词。 如： Please pass me one of these books, I don’t care which (book you pass me). He will come back, but she doesn’t know when (he will come back). She wants to learn English well, yet she doesn’t know how (she can learn it well).

2) 在 I’m afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess, I expect, I suppose, I imagine 等开头的作答句中, 后面跟 so 与 not 分别用于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。 b. —Do you think it will rain? —I hope so (it will rain). a. —Do you believe our team will win? —I guess so (your team will win). —I hope not (that it will not rain). —I guess not (your team will not win). c. ―Will we be late? ―I'm afraid so /not.

1. ––I slipped on the stairs. I think my arm is broken. — Oh! I _______. A. do not hope to B. do not hope C. hope not so D. hope not 2. —Is Professor Tate very sick? —I’m afraid _______. A. so B. this C. to D. that

3. 状语从句中的省略 1) 在有些状语从句中，如果从句的主语是 it ，其后的 be 动词及其 主语可一起省略。这种结构通常为： if it is possible, when it is necessary 等。 如： Please try to finish your homework by yourself if (it is) possible. We’ll have the old house pulled down when (it is) necessary. 2) 在虚拟条件状语从句中, 当助动词为 were, had, should 等时, 连词 if 可省略, 但 were, had 和 should 需要倒装到主语的前面。 如 : Were I you, I would do more exercise. Had I had time, I would have gone shopping with you. = If I were you

4) 如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语部分 有 be 动词，则可以将从语中的主语及 be 动词一起省略。引导这类 状语从句的连词有 :when, while, though, if 和 unless 。 如： When (you are) crossing the road, you'd better look at both sides. The little girl began to cry when (she was) asked by the police. Unless (I am) invited I will not go. 3) 以 as, than 引导的比较状语从句可以全部或部分省去。 如： He got up early as usual (he did). After half a hour, she became quieter (than she had been). He studies as hard as you (study).

4. 定语从句中的省略 1) 定语从句的关系代词 that /which /who 在从句中作主语且后面有 be 动词，我们可以省略关系代词及 be 动词。 如： The girl (who is) standing under the tree is Mary. The bridge (which was) built in 1927 broke down. The girl (who is) in front of the classroom is Mary. 2) 在限制性定语从句中起宾语作用的关系代词 that, which, whom 可以省略 ; 在 the same... as 和 such... as 引导的定语从句中, 可以省略 与主句相同的部分 ; 先行词是 the way, 后面的定语从句中, 可以省略 that 或 in which 。 如： He is one of the man (whom) I can trust. We will do the same work as they (do). I don’t like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.

1. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (NMET 2002 上海春 ) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 2. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004 湖北卷 ) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 3. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004 全国卷 II) A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced

4. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004 全国卷 IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 5. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.[2007 安徽卷 ] A. that used to be B. it is used to C. it was used to D. it used to be 6. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003 上海春 ) A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

5. 惯用的省略结构以及在一些固定短语中某些介词 的省略 1) 固定句型 How/What about + n. / pron. /v-ing What about some more milk? What about him? How about going out for a walk? 2) Why not + 省去 to 的动词不定式 Why not go at once? have trouble (in) doing 3 固定短语中介词的省略 be busy (in) doing sth.

6. 省略语还经常出现在新闻标题或使用说明中，例如： Newspaper headlines: Turandot on stage Signs and labels: No smoking Instructions: Do not bend Postcards and diaries: Have not had time to write diary Notes: Opera OK, costumes great

Read Part A carefully and find out the words that can be left out.

Jane: How did you feel taking part in Turandot? Singer: It was a real privilege for me to be cast. It had always been one of my strongest desires to have a part in Turandot. Jane: How were you hired for the job? Singer: Well, I’m a musical performer,………One day, I saw a poster that the production company’s Personnel Department had put up saying that they were looking for singers. I applied for the job, and they sent me an invitation to try out for a part in the chorus. Jane: Was it difficult to try out? Singer: Yes, it was difficult… … Singer: The best part was visiting Beijing because the performance was staged in the Forbidden City. … Singer: Yes, I would like to visit Beijing again. Jane: Well, it’s been fun talking to you. I thank you for your time. Singer: You are welcome.

Part B Tian rong has read the following uses of ellipsis. Choose the category each one belongs to. a postcards and diaries b newspaper headlines c signs and labels d instructions e notes

1 Pop star dies b Bob James, the pop star dies of drug abusing. 2 Stage door c This is the door to the stage. 3 Performance last night not as good as usual a The performance last night was not as good as usual. a postcards and diaries b newspaper headlines c signs and labels d instructions e notes

4 Handle with care d Please handle this with care. 5 Turandot, wonderful performance, setting fantastic e Turandot is really a wonderful performance, and the setting is fantastic too. a postcards and diaries b newspaper headlines c signs and labels d instructions e notes

Homework 1. Finish the exercises of C1 and C2 in the workbook. 2. Preview Task