Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas

Vehicular emission and fuel quality assumed greater significance with the passing of “Clean Air Amendment Act of 1990 (CAAA) by US Congress Rapid proliferation of gasoline/diesel vehicles since eighties and growing environmental pollution due to vehicular emission was a matter of concern and attracted serious attention of the Government Vehicular emission norms for new vehicles notified for first time in India in 1991 for both at manufacturing stage as well as for in-use vehicles. Idle emission norms (PUC) for on-road vehicles came into force from 1991 Major initiatives towards vehicular emissions and auto fuel quality launched with the notification under the Environment (Protection) Act 1996 Auto Fuel Policy: Background 2

Progressively vehicular emissions and fuel quality were tightened in 1996 and 2000  Lead free gasoline for vehicles with catalytic converters introduced in 1995  India achieved totally lead free gasoline in Feb 2000  RON of Gasoline increased from 87 to 89 in 2000  Sulphur in Gasoline reduced from 0.2 % wt to 0.1 % wt in % wt ( 500 ppm) max sulphur for supplies to Metros  Benzene in Gasoline – 3 % vol. / 5 % vol. max. (metros/others)  Diesel sulphur reduced from 1.0 % wt. to 0.25 % wt. (0.05 % wt. i.e. 500 ppm for Metros) in  Diesel Cetane Number increased from 45 to 48 in 2000 Auto Fuel Policy Progressive Improvements 3

“India 2000” vehicle emission norms equivalent to Euro-I – came into effect from year 2000 Bharat Stage II (equivalent to Euro-II) emission norms for new cars introduced in Delhi from year 2000 and extended to other 3 metros in 2001 Emissions norms for CNG and LPG vehicles notified in the year 2000 and 2001 respectively In view of several recommendations given by various Ministerial Committees and intervention of the Hon’ble Supreme Court and High Courts, need for a comprehensive Government Policy on Auto Fuel was felt to avoid variance 4

The Govt. of India constituted an Expert Committee, under the chairmanship of Dr R. A. Mashelkar, DG, CSIR in September, 2001 to evolve a long term plan and road for implementation Terms of Reference –recommend an Auto Fuel Policy for the country including major cities –devise a road map for its implementation –recommend suitable auto fuels and their specifications considering availability and logistics of fuel supplies –processing economics of auto fuels –possibilities of multi-fuel use in different categories of vehicles –recommend attributes of automobile technologies –fiscal measures for ensuring minimisation of social cost of meeting given level of environmental quality –institutional mechanisms for certification of vehicles and fuels –monitoring and enforcement measures 5 Auto Fuel Policy Expert Committee

Auto Fuel Policy Roadmap for Vehicular Emission Norms 6 CoveragePassenger Cars, Light Commercial Vehicles, & Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles 2/3 Wheelers Entire CountryBharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent) Bharat Stage II Bharat Stage III - preferably from but not later than Bharat Stage III (Euro III equivalent) 11 major cities* (Delhi/NCR, Mumbai. Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra) Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent) Bharat Stage III (Euro III equivalent ) Bharat Stage IV * (Euro IV equivalent)

The following road map was recommended: a) Euro-III standard auto fuels for 13 identified cities & BS-II standard auto fuels for rest of the country w.e.f Due to production, import & other logistics constraints, the actual implementation was phased over six months for different states / locations i.e. up to September Roadmap for Fuel Quality Implementation Status 7

8 b)BS-IV auto fuels (Gasoline/Diesel) in NCR & 13 identified cities from Implemented w.e.f in NCR-Delhi (comprising of 108 towns, of which 17 are class I cities), Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Kanpur, Agra, Pune, Surat, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Lucknow & Sholapur c)BS-III auto fuels (Gasoline/Diesel) in the rest of the country from As per the revised approval of the Government, implemented in a staggered manner between April 01, 2010 and September 22, 2010 due to production and logistic issues involved. Roadmap for Fuel Quality Implementation Status

ProductQualitySpecificationsQualitySpecifications Gasoline BS-II Sulphur- 500 ppm Benzene- 3% (Metros) & 5% (Rest) Euro-II Sulphur- 500 ppm Benzene- 3%-5% BS- III Sulphur– 150 ppm & Benzene – 1% Euro- III Sulphur– 150 ppm & Benzene – 1% BS-IV Sulphur– 50 ppm & Benzene – 1% Euro-IV Sulphur– 50 ppm & Benzene – 1% Diesel BS-II Sulphur– 500 ppm & Cetane No- minimum 48 Euro-II Sulphur- 500 ppm & Cetane No-minimum 48 BS- III Sulphur–350 ppm & Cetane No- minimum 51 Euro- III Sulphur–350 ppm & Cetane No-minimum 51 BS-IV Sulphur–50ppm & Cetane No- minimum 51 Euro-IV Sulphur–50 ppm & Cetane No-minimum 51 Comparison of important specifications

Consumption Share – Diesel & Gasoline  Average monthly Consumption of BS-IV Diesel has increased from 855 TMT ( ) to 928 TMT (Apr-Aug 2013)  Average monthly consumption of BS-IV Gasoline has increased from 316 TMT/month ( ) to 353 TMT/ month (Apr-Aug 2013) Diesel GRADE Share % Share % (up to ) Share % BS-IV BS-III OTHERS TOTAL Gasoline BS-IV BS-III OTHERS TOTAL Qty. in MMT 10

Consumption Share (%): BS-IV Gasoline  Though share of BS-IV Gasoline has come down from 24.8% in to 24.3% in April-August,2013, in volume terms average monthly consumption of BS-IV Gasoline has increased from 325 TMT/month ( ) to 353 TMT/ month (Apr-Aug 2013).  Drop in share is because growth in consumption is more in smaller towns (BS-II) than in major towns (BS-IV) due to improved public transport (Metro service in Delhi). 11

Consumption Share (%): BS-IV Diesel  Though share of BS IV Diesel has come down marginally from 16.1% in to 16 % in April-August,2013, in volume terms average monthly consumption of BS-IV Diesel has increased from 925 TMT/month ( ) to 928 TMT/ month (Apr-Aug 2013). 12

Expansion of BS-IV Auto Fuels  MoP&NG has decided to go beyond Auto Fuel Policy recommendations & expand BS-IV auto fuels to 50 more cities by March 2015 with preference to most polluted cities, state capitals & cities with million plus population subject to logistics constraints  The ministry has constituted a Committee under Addl. Director, PPAC for identifying these cities, which has already identified 17 more cities.  Out of these 17 cities, BS-IV fuels have already been expanded to:  7 cities i.e. Puducherry, Mathura, Vapi, Jamnagar, Ankleshwar, Hissar & Bharatpur in  6 cities i.e. Silvasa, Daman, Diu, Aligarh, Rae Bareilly & Unnao in April to October  4 cities i.e. Karnal, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar & Valsad on

Future Plans for BS-IV fuels extension The Committee has identified following 15 cities for implementation in subject to logistics: Nizamabad, Medak, Mehboobnagar in Andhra Pradesh (3 cities) – already introduced on Panjim, Vasco, Madgaon, Mapusa & Ponda in Goa (5 cities) Ahmed Nagar & Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra (2 cities) Kosikalan & Vrindaban in Uttar Pradesh (2 cities) Dholpur & Hindaun in Rajasthan (2 cities) Kochi in Kerala (1 City) The remaining 18 cities shall be identified during to complete target of 50 cities by March

Million Plus Population Cities / Urban Agglomerates As per census data for 2011, there are 51 cities / Urban Agglomerates with population of million or more. There were only 35 such cities & Urban Agglomerates (UA) as per census data for The largest City / UA as per latest data is Greater Mumbai in Maharashtra with a population of 18.4 millions followed by Delhi (16.3 millions) & Kolkata (14.1 millions) The smallest City / UA to enter the list is Kota in Rajasthan with a population of 10,01,365, just above one million mark. Details 15

Recommendations of Auto Fuel Policy - Status Recommendations w.r.t. BS-III/IV auto fuels more than achieved Oil industry has invested over Rs 35,000 crore (US $ 7 billion) in upgrading facilities in refineries for production of BS-III/IV auto fuels. CNG extended to more than 60 cities and Auto LPG expanded to 270 cities Minimum 5 % blending of Ethanol is gasoline has been made mandatory Development of bio fuels / diesel from non-edible oil (Jatropha) has been taken up in big way 16

Recommendations of Auto Fuel Policy - Status Following major recommendations yet to be implemented in respect of in-use vehicles : Inspection & Maintenance system in 11 major cities and further extension to entire country Replacement of existing PUC system for analysing 4 vehicular exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOx, CO 2 ) On Board Diagnostic System (OBD) in new vehicles Retro-fitment of after treatment devices for reduced emissions Mandatory performance checking of catalytic converters 17

Auto Fuel Policy – Impact Analysis CPCB Source Apportionment Study – Broad Conclusions Air quality in urban areas are affected by a variety of complex source mix PM pollution problem is significant and NO 2 is the emerging pollutant. Both require immediate attention to control their emissions Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in the ambient air are significantly high irrespective of the type of locations Standards of SPM, PM10, PM2.5 exceeded at almost all locations and in all seasons 18

Even background locations indicate considerable levels of particulates, which could be occurring naturally and/or due transport of finer dust Concentration of pollutants are relatively higher at kerbside/ roadside locations Vehicles contribution at kerbside locations are much higher NO 2 is emerging pollutant O 3 is not of much concern Morning and evening peaks in CO levels corresponding to vehicular movement Significant sources of particulate pollution from soil and road dust Auto Fuel Policy – Impact Analysis CPCB Source Apportionment Study – Broad Conclusions 19

Road dust – prominent source contributing to coarser fraction of PM10 Combustion sources including vehicles, DG sets, refuse burning etc emit particles in the finer size (< PM2.5) Significant quantities of SO 4 and NO 3 in PM10 indicates important contribution of secondary particles Within transport sector, PM10 contribution in terms of emission load is mainly from heavy duty diesel vehicles. Heavy duty vehicles are major contributor of NOx emission Re-suspension of road dust and combustion sources including vehicles, refuse burning & DG sets emerge as prominent sources of PM in all cities Auto Fuel Policy – Impact Analysis CPCB Source Apportionment Study – Broad Conclusions 20

Gap in Fuel Quality Indian auto fuel specifications versus specs in various countries such as Asia- Pacific region, European Union(EU), USA, indicate the following: –Indian specifications are better / at par with most Asian countries. –Indian specifications are at par with BRICS countries and moving at similar direction –Gap between Indian specifications and that of USA, EU, Japan, South Korea is reducing Clean Development Initiatives Fuel Quality Improvements Bio Fuel Program (Ethanol, Bio Diesel) Emission reduction through gas substitution (CNG) Energy Efficiency Improvements 21

Auto Fuel Vision & Policy 2025 Recommend roadmap for auto fuel quality till 2025 for the country, taking into account achievement under the last Auto Fuel Policy, emission reduction of in-use vehicles, growth of vehicles and supply and availability of fuels Recommend suitable mix of auto fuels including gas and its specifications considering : a) availability of infrastructure and logistics of fuel supplies b) processing economics of auto fuels c) improvement in quality of fuel vis-à-vis improvement in vehicle engine technology Recommend vehicular emission norms for various categories of vehicles and roadmap for their implementation. Recommend use of alternate fuels to minimise impact on environment Recommend fiscal measures for funding requisite upgradation of oil refineries, logistics and removal of inter-fuel pricing distortions 22 Terms of Reference

Status of Euro-IV in State Capitals S.NO. STATECAPITAL BS IV IMPLEMENTED S.NO. STATE / UTCAPITAL BS IV IMPLEMENTED 1Andhra PradeshHyderabadYES19NagalandKohimaNO 2 Arunachal Pradesh ItanagarNO20NCT of DelhiDelhiYES 3AssamDispurNO21Orissa Bhubaneswar NO 4BiharPatnaNO22Puducherry YES 5ChhattisgarhRaipurNO23PunjabChandigarhNO 6GoaPanajiNO24RajasthanJaipurNO 7GujaratGandhi NagarYES25SikkimGangtokNO 8HaryanaChandigarhNO26Tamil NaduChennaiYES 9Himachal PradeshShimlaNO27TripuraAgartalaNO 10J&KSrinagar /JammuNO28Uttar PradeshLucknowYES 11JharkhandRanchiNO29UttrakhandDehradunNO 12KarnatakaBengaluruYES30West BengalKolkataYES 13Kerala Thiruvananthapur am NO31Andaman and NicobarPort BlairNO 14Madhya PradeshBhopalNO32Chandigarh NO 15MaharashtraMumbai/ NagpurYES33Dadra and Nagar HaveliSilvassaYES 16ManipurImphalNO34Daman and DiuDamanYES 17MeghalayaShillongNO35LakshadweepKavarattiNO 18MizoramAizawlNO 24 BS-IV Auto fuels have been expanded to 11 State Capitals.

State Name Name of Urban Agglomeration/City BS-IV Population State Name Name of Urban Agglomeration/City BS-IV Population Millions MAHARASHTRA Greater Mumbai UA Yes 18.4 PUNJAB Ludhiana (M Corp.) No 1.6 NCT OF DELHI Delhi UA Yes 16.3 MAHARASHTRA Nasik UA No 1.6 WEST BENGAL Kolkata UA Yes 14.1 ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada UA No 1.5 TAMIL NADU Chennai UA Yes 8.7 TAMIL NADU `Madurai UA No 1.5 KARNATAKA BANGALORE UA Yes 8.5 UTTAR PRADESH Varanasi UA No 1.4 ANDHRA PRADESH Hyderabad UA Yes 7.7 UTTAR PRADESH Meerut UA Yes 1.4 GUJARAT Ahmadabad UA Yes 6.4 HARYANA Faridabad (M Corp.) Yes 1.4 MAHARASHTRA Pune UA Yes 5.0 GUJARAT Rajkot UA No 1.4 GUJARAT Surat UA Yes 4.6 JHARKHAND Jamshedpur UA No 1.3 RAJASTHAN Jaipur (M Corp.) No 3.1 JAMMU & KASHMIR Srinagar UA No 1.3 UTTAR PRADESH Kanpur UA Yes 2.9 MADHYA PRADESH Jabalpur UA No 1.3 UTTAR PRADESH Lucknow UA Yes 2.9 WEST BENGAL Asansol UA No 1.2 MAHARASHTRA Nagpur UA No 2.5 MAHARASHTRA Vasai Virar City (M Corp.) No 1.2 UTTAR PRADESH Ghaziabad UA Yes 2.4 UTTAR PRADESH Allahabad UA No 1.2 MADHYA PRADESH Indore UA No 2.2 JHARKHAND Dhanbad UA No 1.2 TAMIL NADU Coimbatore UA No 2.2 MAHARASHTRA Aurangabad UA No 1.2 KERALA Kochi UA No 2.1 PUNJAB Amritsar UA No 1.2 BIHAR Patna UA No 2.0 RAJASTHAN Jodhpur UA No 1.1 KERALA Kozhikode UA No 2.0 JHARKHAND Ranchi UA No 1.1 MADHYA PRADESH Bhopal UA No 1.9 CHHATTISGARH Raipur UA No 1.1 KERALA Thrissur UA No 1.9 KERALA Kollam UA No 1.1 GUJARAT Vadodara UA No 1.8 MADHYA PRADESH Gwalior UA No 1.1 UTTAR PRADESH Agra UA Yes 1.7 CHHATTISGARH Durg-Bhilainagar UA No 1.1 ANDHRA PRADESH GVMC (MC) No 1.7 CHANDIGARH Chandigarh UA No 1.0 KERALA Malappuram UA No 1.7 TAMIL NADU Tiruchirappalli UA No 1.0 KERALA Thiruvananthapuram UA No 1.7 RAJASTHAN Kota (M Corp.) No 1.0 KERALA Kannur UA No BS-IV Auto fuels have been expanded to 15 “million plus” cities. Million plus Cities (2011)

Polluted Cities on RSPM: As Per MoEF (Feb. 2009) Rank City BS-IV implementationRankCity BS-IV implementation 1GobindgarhNo26MeerutYes 2LudhianaNo27HissarYes 3KhurjaNo28VaranasiNo 4KhannaNo29AsansolNo 5kanpurYes30PuneYes 6LucknowYes31IndoreNo 7JhariaNo32DhanbadNo 8FirozabadNo33JabalpurNo 9ChandrapurNo34DehradunNo 10AgraYes35JamnagarYes 11JamshedpurNo36HowrahNo 12GwaliorNo37RourkelaNo 13JhansiNo38KorbaNo 14NoidaYes39GuwahatiNo 15DelhiYes40NagpurNo 16JalandharNo41KolkataYes 17FaridabadYes42JaipurNo 18Hubli-DharwadNo43UjjainNo 19RanchiNo44VisakhapatnamNo 20JodhpurNo45SholapurNo 21AlwarNo46Naya NangalNo 22RaipurNo47ChandigarhNo 23PatnaNo48MumbaiYes 24SatnaNo49SibsagarNo 25KotaNo50AnkleshwarYes Source: Industry 26 BS-IV Auto fuels have been expanded to 13 polluted cities.