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Water in a Rural Setting Water as a human need: how can it be obtained? Open water: ponds, rivers: problems in delivery, quantity available, drought etc. Groundwater: what sources? How can this be accessed safely? Conditions to sustain supply.

Underground water is a useful source

Water Table: what is it? How can we use it? Capillary Action of Water (as found in the Zone of Aeration) Approximate Level of Water Table Gravel Fractured Rock

An unconfined aquifer is underground water confined between impermeable strata and the surface

This is just a device to ease the lifting of water: there is no means for protecting the water from surface contamination, not only animals but children can fall in. It is definitely NOT SAFE.

Force Pump Handle Rising main Pump rod Pump cylinder

Pump rod Pump cylinder Plunger Handle Plunger & Pumprod

Cylinder Pump rod Rising main Plunger Foot valve

Priming of Suction Pump Bucket Priming water Plunger Cylinder Check valve Suction pipe

Typical Suction Pump Plunger Cylinder Check valve Suction pipe s7m

Water in a rural setting-2 Drilling for water: the Von der Rig Replenishing aquifers with dam construction Simple dam scoops Water springs: how to protect and exploit them.

Water purity Point source purification –Pro: avoids pathogen transmission; –Cons:limited supply (water washed diseases) –Cons:cleanliness of containers –Cons: expense and inconvenience