chapter 8 Revenue Recognition

Learning Objectives 1. Identify the primary criteria for revenue recognition. 2. Apply the revenue recognition concepts underlying the examples used in SAB 101. 3. Record journal entries for long-term construction-type contracts using percentage-of-completion and completed-contract methods. Continued

Learning Objectives 4. Record journal entries for long-term service contracts using the proportional performance method. 5. Explain when revenue is recognized after delivery of goods or services through installment sales, cost recovery, and cash methods.

Revenue Recognition FASB’s two criteria for recognizing revenues and gains: 1. They are realized or realizable. 2. They have been earned through substantial completion of the activities involved in the earnings process. 2

Both of these criteria generally are met at the point of sale. Revenue Recognition Revenue recognition most often occurs when goods are delivered or when services are rendered. Both of these criteria generally are met at the point of sale.

Criterion Associated With Revenue Recognition Criterion 1: The customer has provided payment or a valid promise of payment. Criterion 2: The company has provided a product or service.

Before the point of Sale Revenue Recognition Before the point of Sale EXCEPTION: Revenue can be recognized prior to the point of sale if: Customer provides a valid promise of payment AND Criterion 1 Criterion 2 conditions exist that contractually guarantee subsequent sale.

Revenue Recognition Point of Sale NORMALLY: Revenue is generally recognized at this point of time. Criterion 1 is typically satisfied at this point. Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Critical 2 is typically satisfied at this point.

Revenue Recognition After the Point of Sale EXCEPTION: The recognition of revenue must be deferred if: Customer does not provide a valid promise at time of receipt of product or service OR Criterion 1 Criterion 2 significant effort remains on the contract.

Revenue Recognition Generally, revenue is not recognized prior to the point of sale because either: A product or service was provided without receiving a valid promise of payment from customer. The company has not provided the product or service. An exception occurs when the customer provides a valid promise of payment and conditions exist that contractually guarantee the sale. 3

Revenue Recognition AICPA Statement of Position 97-2 gives companies more guidance through a checklist of four factors that amplify the two criteria: a. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. b. Delivery has occurred. c. The vendor’s fee is fixed or determinable. d. Collectibility is probable. Earned Realised

Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement The SEC issued SAB 101 in response to specific abuses involving revenue recognition.

Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement SAB 101 is in a question-and-answer format. The answers given are invariably “No.”

Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement Typical questions from SAB 101 Question 1: May Company A recognize revenue in the current quarter if the product is delivered by the end of the quarter but the sales agreement is not signed by the customer until a few days after the end of the quarter? Question 1: Company A requires each sale to be supported by a written sales agreement signed by an authorized representative of both Company A and the customer. ENTER Addresses internal controls.

Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement Typical questions from SAB 101 Question 2: Company Z delivers product to a customer on a consignment basis. May Company Z recognize revenue upon delivery of the product to the customer? Addresses the issue of circumventing internal controls by side agreements.

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Typical questions from SAB 101 Question 3: May Company A recognize revenue when it completes production of inventory for a customer if it segregates that inventory from other products in its warehouse?

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Typical questions from SAB 101 Question 4: merchandise aside until the customer pays the remainder of the sales price, and takes possession of the merchandise. When should Company R recognize revenue? Question 4: Company R is a retailer that offers “layaway” sales to customers. A customer pays a portion of the sales price, and Company R sets the… ENTER Focuses on issues centered on the “bill-and-hold” arrangements.

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered “bill-and-hold” arrangements. In general, revenue should not be recognised in a bill-and-hold arrangement until the seller has transferred both legal ownership, evidence by the buyer taking title to the goods, and economic ownership, meaning that the buyer accepts responsibility for the safeguarding and preservation of the goods.

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Appropriate Layaway Accounting Receipt of $100 cash as initial layaway payment: Cash 100 Deposit Received from Customers 100 Receipt of final $1,400 cash payment and delivery of goods to customer: Cash 1,400 Deposit Received from Customers 100 Sales 1,500 Cost of Goods Sold 1,000 Inventory 1,000

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Questions 5 & 6 – Deal with the seller receiving some up-front fee as well as subsequent periodic payments E.g. Seller Company receives $1,000 cash from a customer as the initial sign-up fee for a service. In addition to the sign-up fee, the customer is required to pay $50 per month for 100 months—which is the economic life of this service agreement.

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Receipt of $1,000 cash as initial sign-up fee: Cash 1,000 Unearned Initial Sign-Up Fees 1,000 Receipt of first monthly payment of $50: Cash 50 Monthly Service Revenue 50 Partial recognition of the initial signup fee as revenue ($1,000/100 months): Unearned Initial Sign-Up Fees 10 Initial Sign-Up Fee Revenue 10

Delivery has occurred or service has been rendered Questions 7 & 9 – Deal with refundable fees. In summary, the non-refundable portion of the fees can be recognized on a monthly basis if the number of refunds can be reliably estimated.

Price is fixed or determinable Typical questions from SAB 101 Question 8: Company A owns a building and leases it to a retailer. The annual lease payment is $1.2 million plus 1% of all the retailer’s sales in excess of $25 million. Question 8: Should Company A estimate and recognize revenue associated with the 1% of sales over $25 million on a straight-line basis throughout the year? ENTER Addresses the difference between estimating the future impact of past events and estimating the future impact of future events.

Reporting Revenue: Gross vs. Net Gross = Sales + commission Net = Commission only SAB 101 – Gross is inappropriate unless the seller actually took legal and economic ownership of the goods being sold.

Revenue Recognition Prior to Providing Goods or Services Completed-contract method recognizes all income when project is completed. Percentage-of-completion method recognizes revenue throughout the term of the contract. (construction) Proportional performance method reflects revenue earned on service contracts under which many acts of service are to be performed before the contract is complete.

Revenue Recognition Prior to Providing Goods or Services GAAP requires percentage-of-completion method unless certain criteria are not met. 6

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting Dependable estimates of: contract revenues contract costs progress toward completion Contract clearly specifies: enforceable rights of the parties consideration to be exchanged manner and terms of settlement Continued 7

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting The buyer can be expected to satisfy obligations under the contract. Contractor can be expected to perform the contractual obligation.

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting Recognize revenue throughout life of the contract. Revenue recognized is a function of how complete the project is to date. Costs are charged to an inventory account: Construction in Process (CIP). Profits are charged to CIP. CIP is valued at net realizable value. Any anticipated loss is booked for the full amount of the loss when it becomes measurable. 9

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting Input measures: Cost-to-cost method where the degree of completion is determined by comparing costs already incurred with the most recent estimates of total expected costs to complete the project. Engineers are often called in to help provide estimates. 10

Accounting for Long-Term Construction-Type Contracts Strong Construction Company was awarded a contract with a total price of $3,000,000. Strong expected to earn $400,000 profit on the contract.

Estimated Cost to Complete Accounting for Long-Term Construction-Type Contracts Actual Cost Incurred Estimated Cost to Complete Total Cost Cost Percentage Year 2004 $1,040,000 $1,560,000 $2,600,000 40 2005 910,000 Total $1,950,000 650,000 2,600,000 75 2006 650,000 0 2,600,000 100 Total $2,600,000

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2004 Construction in Progress 1,040,000 Materials, Cash, etc. 1,040,000 To record costs incurred. Accounts Receivable 1,000,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 1,000,000 To record billings. Cash 800,000 Accounts Receivable 800,000 To record cash collections.

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2004 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 1,040,000 Construction in Progress 160,000 Revenue from Construction Contracts 1,200,000 Actual Cost $3,000,000 x .40

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2005 Construction in Progress 910,000 Materials, Cash, etc. 910,000 To record costs incurred. Accounts Receivable 900,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 900,000 To record billings. Cash 850,000 Accounts Receivable 850,000 To record cash collections.

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2005 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 910,000 Construction in Progress 140,000 Revenue from Long-Term Construction Contracts 1,050,000 ($3,000,000 x .75) – $1,200,000

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2006 Construction in Progress 650,000 Materials, Cash, etc. 650,000 To record costs incurred. Accounts Receivable 1,100,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 1,100,000 To record billings. Cash 1,350,000 Accounts Receivable 1,350,000 To record cash collections.

Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2006 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 650,000 Construction in Progress 100,000 Revenue from Long-Term Construction Contracts 750,000 $ 3,000,000 (1,200,000) (1,050,000) $ 750,000

Construction in Progress Progress Billings on Construction Contracts Percentage-of-Completion Accounting 2006 Construction in Progress Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 1,040,000 160,000 910,000 140,000 650,000 100,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 900,000 1,100,000 3,000,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 3,000,000 Construction in Progress 3,000,000

Revision of Estimates Instead of the previous illustration, assume that at the end of 2005, it was estimated that the remaining cost to complete construction was $720,000 rather than $650,000.

Estimated Cost to Complete Revision of Estimates Actual Cost Incurred Estimated Cost to Complete Total Cost Cost Percentage Year 2004 $1,040,000 $1,560,000 $2,600,000 40 2005 910,000 Total $1,950,000 720,000 2,670,000 73 2006 700,000 0 2,650,000 100 Total $2,650,000 Note that expected gross profit was $400,000 in 2004, $330,000 in 2005, and the actual was $350,000 in 2006. Items in blue changed from the previous illustration.

Revision of Estimates The entries for 2004 would be the same as those shown in the previous example. 2004

Revision of Estimates All entries for 2005 would be the same except for the entry to record revenue and cost. 2005

Revision of Estimates 2005 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 910,000 Construction in Progress 80,000 Revenue from Long-term Construction Contracts 990,000 ($3,000,000 x .73) – $1,200,000

Revision of Estimates 2006 Construction in Progress 700,000 Materials, Cash, etc. 700,000 To record costs incurred. Accounts Receivable 1,100,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 1,100,000 To record billings. Same Cash 1,350,000 Accounts Receivable 1,350,000 To record cash collections. Same

Revision of Estimates 2006 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 700,000 Construction in Progress 110,000 Revenue from Long-Term Construction Contracts 810,000 $3,000,000 (1,200,000) (990,000) $ 810,000

Construction in Progress Progress Billings on Construction Contracts Revision of Estimates 2006 Construction in Progress Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 1,040,000 160,000 910,000 80,000 700,000 110,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 900,000 1,100,000 3,000,000 Progress Billings on Construction Contracts 3,000,000 Construction in Progress 3,000,000 Items in red are different for this illustration.

Anticipated Loss: Percentage-of-Completion Method Assume the same facts for Strong Construction Company, except that after 2004 entries have been made, the firm determines that the total cost will be $3,250,000. The entries for 2004 would be the same, but the loss must be dealt with in 2005—in addition, the $160,000 gross profit recognized in 2004 must be eliminated.

Anticipated Loss: Percentage-of-Completion Method 2005 Cost of Long-Term Construction Contracts 910,000 Revenue from Long-Term Construction Contracts 600,000 Construction in Progress 410,000 To go from a $160,000 gross profit to an anticipated $250,000 loss ($3,000,000 – $3,250,000), the Construction in Progess account needs to be credited $410,000.

Accounting for Long-Term Service Contracts Most service contracts involve three types of costs: (1) Initial direct costs related to obtaining and performing initial services on the contract. (2) Direct costs related to performing the various acts of service. (3) Indirect costs related to maintaining the organization to service the contract.

Proportional Performance Method Accounting for Long-Term Service Contracts Proportional Performance Method A correspondence school enters into 100 contracts with students for an extended writing course. The fee for each contract is $500, payable in advance. The initial direct costs related to the contracts total $5,000. Actual direct costs for lessons for the first period are $12,000. The sales value of the lessons completed is $24,000 (The total value of all lessons is $60,000).

Accounting for Long-Term Service Contracts Receipt of fees: Cash 50,000 Deferred Course Revenue 50,000 Initial direct costs: Liability account Deferred Initial Costs 5,000 Cash 5,000 Asset account Direct costs for lesson actually completed: Expense account Contract Costs 12,000 Cash 12,000 Continued

Accounting for Long-Term Service Contracts Course revenue recognized: Deferred Course Revenue 20,000 Recognized Course Revenue 20,000 $24,000 $60,000 x $50,000 Recognize contract costs from initial direct costs: Contract Costs 2,000 Deferred Initial costs 2,000 $24,000 $60,000 x $5,000

Revenue Recognition After Delivery of Goods or Providing Service Installment Sales Method: Recognizes revenues and related expenses as cash is received (used when collection is somewhat uncertain). (Not to be confused with installment sales, which utilize accrual accounting) Cost Recovery Method: No income is recognized on sale until the cost of the item sold is recovered through cash receipts (used when collection is very uncertain). Cash Method: Recognizes all expenses immediately as incurred and all revenues only when cash is collected. 18

Revenue Recognition After Delivery of Goods or Providing Service Timing of Revenue Treatment Method Recognition of Costs Full Accrual At point of sale Recognized at point of sale Installment Sales At collection of cash (portion of receipt) Defer and match against revenue as cash is collected Cost Recovery At collection of cash (after all costs have been recovered) Defer and match against cash receipts Cash At collection of cash Charge to expense as incurred 19

Installment Sales Method The installment sales method is used most commonly in cases of real estate sales.

Installment Sales Method George sells merchandise on the installment basis. Uncertainty of collection makes use of the installment method necessary. Use the accompanying data to prepare George’s journal entries. 24

Installment Sales Method 2004 2005 Sales Cost of Sales Gross Profit Percentage $150,000 $200,000 100,000 140,000 $ 50,000 $ 60,000 33.33% 30% Cash Collection 2004 Sales $ 30,000 $ 75,000 2005 Sales $ 70,000 25

Installment Sales Method 2004 Installment Accounts Receivable— 2004 150,000 Installment Sales 150,000 Cost of Installment Sales 100,000 Inventory 100,000 Cash 30,000 Installment Accounts Receivable—2004 30,000 Continued 26

Installment Sales Method 2004 Installment Sales 150,000 Cost of Installment Sales 100,000 Deferred Gross Profit—2004 50,000 Deferred Gross Profit—2004 10,000 Realized Gross Profit on Installment Sales 10,000 $30,000 x 33.33% Continued

Installment Sales Method 2005 Installment Accounts Receivable— 2005 200,000 Installment Sales 200,000 Cost of Installment Sales 140,000 Inventory 140,000 Cash 145,000 Installment A/R—2004 75,000 Installment A/R—2005 70,000 Continued 31

Installment Sales Method 2005 Installment Sales 200,000 Cost of Installment Sales 140,000 Deferred Gross Profit—2005 60,000 Deferred Gross Profit—2004 25,000 Deferred Gross Profit—2005 21,000 Realized Gross Profit on Installment Sales 46,000 $75,000 x 33.33% $70,000 x 30% 34

Cost Recovery Method Assume George has to use the cost recovery method, but all sales and collections remain the same. Revenue Cost Recovered Cost 36

Cost Recovery Method 2005 All entries are the same except do not book the entry to gross profit. Deferred Gross Profit—2004 5,000 Realized Gross Profit on Installment Sales 5,000 ($30,000 + $75,000) – ($100,000) 37

Cost Recovery Method 2006 Deferred Gross Profit—2004 30,000 Realized Gross Profit on Installment Sales 40,000

Cash Method If the probability of recovering product or service costs is remote the cost recovery method of accounting can be used. There has to be considerable uncertainty as to ultimate collection of the contract price.

chapter 8 The End