AVIATION HISTORY Week 13 Chapter 11: Supersonic Aircraft By Ms. Zuliana

Outlines  Aircraft Types  Aircraft Utilization  Supersonic Aircraft  Supersonic Challenges

Aircraft Types Military Aircraft: Swing Wings of F-14 Tomcat fighter Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft: Airbus A380 V/STOL( Vertical and short take- off and landing) Aircraft

Aircraft Types Tilt Rotor plane’s Business Jets

Aircraft Utilization  Military Fighters Transport Helicopter Reconnaissance  Private Aircraft VIPs Personal Crop spraying  Airlines Passengers Cargo

Military  Fighter: Detecting & attacking enemy targets  Air to air missiles/guns  Air to ground: Bombs, Missiles  Supplying weapons to other aircraft  Transport: Soldiers, VIP/VVIP  Helicopters with rapid fire machine guns  Reconnaissance  Air to air refueling Sidewinder AIM-9 Missile Military Helicopter Refueling an airplane in mid-air

Military aircraft Black Widow World’s Smallest Spy Aircraft Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber Observation Aircraft

Private Aircraft  Light aircraft owned or rented by the pilot.  Used for a wide range of commercial tasks, such as flight training, passenger and freight transport, policing, crop spraying and medical evacuations. Crop SprayingMedical Evacuations

Airlines  Characteristics ○ High payload (aircraft weight) ○ Long range (distance the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel) ○ High endurance (time the aircraft can stay in the air with a tank of fuel)

Airlines

Types of airliners  Wide-body jets: The largest airliners Example: Boeing & 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers),.Boeing 747 Airbus A300A310Airbus A330Airbus A340Airbus A380  Narrow-body jets: Smaller airliners, generally used for medium-distance flights with fewer passengers Example: Boeing 717,737 & 757, McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD-90 series, Airbus A320 family Boeing 717McDonnell Douglas DC-9MD-80/MD-90 Airbus A320 family  Regional airliners: Seat fewer than 100 passengers, short flights Embraer ERJ, Bombardier CRJ series and ATR 42/72Embraer ERJBombardier CRJATR 4272

Country of Origin USA Boeing Lockheed Martin Canada Bombardier Brazil Embraer Sukhoi Russia Tupolev Europe Airbus Industries (France) ATR (France/Italy) Fokker (Netherlands) Saab (Sweden) Britten-Norman (United Kingdom) BAE Systems (United Kingdom) (formerly British Aerospace)

Definition  The term supersonic is used to define a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1)  Supersonic refers to aircraft speed which is greater than the speed of sound  The speed of sound describes how much distance such a wave travels in a certain amount of time.  The speed of sound is about 768 miles per hour (1,236 kilometers per hour) at sea level.

Speeds of Flights Subsonic  Aircraft speeds which are very much less than the speed of sound  The Mach number M is much less than one, M << 1  Small planes such as crop dusters and seaplanes are examples of planes that travel at this speed.  Transonic Aircraft speeds just below and above the speed of sound The Mach number M is nearly equal to one, M ~= 1 (0.8– 1.2)

Speeds of Flights Supersonic flight:  Flying faster than the speed of sound. Faster than Mach 1.  Majority supersonic aircraft for military & experimental. Hypersonic flight:  Greater than Mach 5. This is more than five times the speed of sound.  It is the speed traveled by rockets and the space shuttle as they go into orbit.

Supersonic Military: SR-71 Blackbird  Role: Strategic Reconnaissance  Primary users: United States Air Force NASA  The world's fastest aircraft.  Advanced, long-range, Mach 3  Was in service from 1964 to 1998  Number built: 32

SST: Supersonic Transport  A supersonic transport (SST) is a civil aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound.  The only SST to see regular service was the Concorde, and the only other design built in quantity was the Tupolev Tu-144.  The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978, and the Concorde's last flight was on 26 November  As of 2005, there are no more SSTs used in regular commercial service.

British-French Concorde SST  Role: Supersonic airliner  Manufacturers: BAC (now BAE Systems), Sud Aviation (now EADS)BACBAE SystemsSud AviationEADS  Introduction 21 January January1976  Retired 26 November November2003  Primary users British Airways Air France  Number built: 20  Unit cost: £23 million in 1977

Russian- Tupolev Tu-144 The Tu-144S went into service on 26 December 1975, & passenger services, in November Tu-144 had a higher maximum speed, but required more fuel and had less range than concorde. Ran a semi-scheduled service until the first Tu- 144D experienced an in-flight failure during a pre- delivery test flight, and crash-landed with crew fatalities on 23 May The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu- 144's 55th and last scheduled passenger service.

Fastest Commercial Aircraft: Concorde

Advantages of Supersonic Aircraft  High Speed Double-delta shaped wings- to gain more lift. Droop-nose section for improved visibility in landing  Weight Saving Aircraft skin was made from Aluminium Fully electrically controlled fly-by-wire flight controls systems

Factors about airliners have failed to go supersonic 1. High operating costs – more fuel, higher ticker price 2. Takeoff noise – environmental issues 3. Poor range – uneconomical 4. Aerodynamics – airframe design 5. Structural issue 6. Need to operate aircraft over a wide range of speed

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight………….. High operating costs  Use more fuel: Higher ticket costs  Lower passenger capacities due to the aerodynamic requirement for a narrow fuselage. Both Concorde and the Boeing 747 use approximately the same amount of fuel to cover the same distance, but the 747 can carry more than four times as many passengers.

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight………….. Takeoff noise  One of the problems with Concorde and the Tu- 144's operation was the high engine noise levels, associated with very high jet velocities used during take-off, and even more importantly flying over communities near the airport.  This is an environmental hazard – Noise pollution

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight………….. Poor range  Can carry lesser fuel due to airline trying to increase passenger volume  The relatively poor supersonic lift/drag ratios, supersonic aircraft have historically had relatively poor range.  This meant that a lot of routes were non viable, and this in turn helped mean that they sold poorly with airlines.

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight Aerodynamics  Increase Drag The faster the speed the higher the air resistance, thus the higher the drag. As the drag increases, more power/fuel require to overcome the drag which lead to high fuel cost.

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight………….. Structural issues  SST speeds demand narrower wing and fuselage designs, thus are subject to greater stresses and temperatures.  SSTs also require a much stronger (and therefore heavier) structure to operate at the high altitudes.

Challenges of supersonic passenger flight………….. Need to operate aircraft over a wide range of speeds  The aerodynamic design of a supersonic aircraft needs to change with its speed for optimal performance  Thus, an SST would ideally change shape during flight to maintain optimal performance at both subsonic and supersonic speeds – e.g. swing wing  Such a design would introduce complexity which increases maintenance needs, operations costs, and safety concerns.