The lifetime of a resource depends on… 1.How much we have 2.How fast we use it

What resources does the US have? Fossil fuels = –Coal –Natural Gas –Oil Why are we depleting our resources (running out)? – deo/ deo/

They’re all just different forms!

Example of the Matter and Energy Laws Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H Ash + (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat

Projected Supplies in US These are reserves, based on current technology Oil – 12 years Natural gas – 90 year supply Coal – 430 year supply

COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

Uses of Fossil Fuels

Sources of electricity

Coal

Coal Trivia Facts Most abundant fossil fuel –400 year supply 66% of known coal is located in the U.S. U.S. is 2 nd largest consumer of coal –China is 1 st ! Most environmentally damaging fossil fuel.

Formation of Coal

What is coal? Easily combustible rock (high C content) The longer it’s been forming the higher the grade/quality –Higher grade burns cleaner

What sample do you have? Describe your sample (2-5 words)

Four (4) Grades of Coal 1.Peat –earliest stage in coal formation (youngest) 2.Lignite (brown coal) –Low carbon = Low energy 3.Bituminous (soft coal) –Most common 4.Anthracite (hard coal) –Highest carbon = highest energy

Carbon content increases Water decreases Burns hotter & cleaner!

World Coal Deposits - what are the top 3 countries?

U.S. Coal Deposits

How is it extracted? Underground Mining for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep

Tour through a coal mine

How is it extracted? Surface Mining -for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep -Cheapest method -Biggest enviro. impact

What is coal used for? Burned to generate electricity –½ of electricity in US is from coal Making steel –used to smelt iron ore into iron

Advantages 1.Cheap 2.Needs little refining

Environmental Concerns Surface mining – removes the top of an entire mountain Toxic chemicals – (mercury) leach from waste rock into nearby streams Pollution, Acid Rain, & Global Warming – depends on the grade of the coal Centralia, PA

Oil

Oil Trivia Facts First discovered in the US in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania! Known reserves expected to last less than 50 years –Current price per barrel: $108

What is Crude Oil? Petroleum (crude oil) –Thick, black oil as it comes out of the ground Most valuable natural resource (?) –Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries –Control 67% of world’s oil –Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and Venezuela

Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; increasing dependence on imports.

How are oil and gas found? Between underground rock - Lower layer is porous - Upper layer is impermeable

Oil Extraction Pumped from ground using…  Gravity  Water  CO2

Oil Refining Refinery –Heat crude oil –Lowest boiling point components are collected first –Limited refineries in the world. Affects supplies, which affects prices.

What is petroleum used for? Fuel - transportation, generating electricity, heating Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

Advantages to using oil Most bang for the buck… –Gives the most energy with the least amount of wasted energy (high net energy) Easily transported

Disadvantages to using oil Oil reserves are low –Economic depletion = Cost to extract remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price.

Environmental Concerns 1.Pollution - many pollutants created when burned which leads to smog and acid rain 2.Global Warming - releases CO2 when burned 3.Oil Spills - damage to plants and animals

Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spill –Deepwater horizon picsDeepwater horizon pics Offshore and ANWR drilling – – ANWR and offshorehttp://

Oil spill Clean up methods – s_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide =14http:// s_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide =14 – 8Bg (Dawn commericalhttp:// 8Bg After the spill 03/exxon-valdez-oi.htmlhttp://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2009/ 03/exxon-valdez-oi.html

Natural Gas Underground gas –Mostly methane CH4 (50% - 90%) Usually in or near oil wells Can also be found alone or trapped in rock (shale gas)

Where is it found?

Natural Gas Reserves 1.Russia (24%) 2.Iran (16%) 3.Turkmenistan (12%) 4.Qatar (11.5%) 5.United States (4%)

Interactive Map:

The Marcellus Shale watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&f eature=related

Lochland Town Meeting Are you FOR or AGAINST drilling in Lochland? –What would you tell your neighbor to get them on your side? A similar situation in a neighboring town:

Natural Gas Extraction 1.Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied Stored in pressurized tanks 2.Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities Odor is added to detect leaks

Processing Pressurized & piped to homes. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

What is it used for? Heating homes (stoves, water, air) Fuel for transportation Producing electricity

Advantages Burns the cleanest Higher reserves than oil Easily transported to houses Disadvantages Drinking water may get contaminated –Flowback –Abandoned wells Drilling disturbs land Air pollution from trucks Shipping across ocean is dangerous