Background InfoBackground Info  Prior to 18 th c. levels of pop flowed in a cyclical pattern depending on natural phenomena (crop failures, plagues etc.)  During the 18 th c. Europe’s pop sky rocketed from 120 to 190 million  Prussia, Sweden, Spain, France, and England experienced tremendous pop increases

Why were pops increasing in Europe?  Decline in mortality rates  Better food supplies  Although disease was still a problem, birth rates were significant enough to keep population rates high

1. Agricultural revolution1. Agricultural revolution  Enclosure movement  Increased food supplies led to an increase in population that boosted demand for manufactured goods and provided labor for factories.

2. Abundant natural resources  Britain had the natural resources needed for industrialization:  Water power, coal, iron ore, rivers and harbors.

3. Political stability3. Political stability  Enabled Britain to devote its energies and resources to economic expansion, industrialization and overseas trade.  Created a climate for progress

4. Factors of production4. Factors of production  Britain had all the resources needed to produce goods and services including LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL= LLC= FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

5. Technological advances in the textile industry  Improved the quality and speed of cotton cloth production  Boosted profits  Spurred other industrial improvements

6. Entrepreneurs6. Entrepreneurs  Provided organization and management skills and took financial risks to develop new businesses

7. Building factories7. Building factories  Allowed industry to move out of the home and into a central location

8. Railroad boom8. Railroad boom  Provided an inexpensive way to transport raw materials and manufactured products  Created new jobs

1. Poor city dwellers1. Poor city dwellers  Because no plans, sanitary codes, or building regulations controlled the rampant growth of English cities, the poor lacked adequate housing and many were forced to live in dark, filthy overcrowded slums under very unhealthy and unsafe conditions.

2. Factory workers2. Factory workers  Because factory owners wanted to keep their machines running for as many hours as possible, workers were forced to work long hours for starvation wages, often under dangerous and unhealthy conditions  Later working conditions and the standard of living improved

3. Wealthy merchants, factory owners, shippers  They gained wealth and status in society and joined a growing middle class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and well-to- do farmers.

4. Children4. Children  Children as young as six began to work in factories with their families for long hours under brutal conditions  Child labor laws later brought some reforms

5. Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers  They enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

6. Large landowners and aristocrats  Because some factory owners, merchants, and investment bankers grew wealthier, they lost some status, respect and power but continued to look down on those who gained wealth in business.

Long term consequences of I.R. on the environment  The environment was polluted and natural resources were depleted.

Long term consequences of the I.R. on education  Educational opportunities expanded in response to a need for skilled and professional workers.