Transport Modes and Intermodality – Implications on Emissions and Lead Time Prof. Olli-Pekka Hilmola Lappeenranta University of Technology, Kouvola Unit Prikaatintie 9, FIN Kouvola, Finland,

Should we take further steps with emissions? Or who should? Picture taken in Beijing, 19.Oct.2014.

China is still hungry for coal! Source (data): BP Statistical Review of World Energy June Available at URL: Retrieved: June.2014

India is repeating the same pattern, but different in scale… Source (data): BP Statistical Review of World Energy June Available at URL: Retrieved: June.2014

Emissions (CO 2 ) per ton-km in different freight transportation modes and sub-modes Sources (data): Defra (2014), VTT Lipasto (2012)

Continental transportation need and different options with performance (10 ton container) Sources :Own research (2014), chapter proposal for Wiley, Encyclopedia of Marine and Offshore Engineering

Transportation of 10 ton container from Central Europe to Tampere, Finland Sources :Own research (2014), chapter proposal for Wiley, Encyclopedia of Marine and Offshore Engineering

Dry Ports are really good option for greener transportation logistics! Göteborg sea port: Total container handling TEU in year 2013, and TEU uses unique dry port structure (45.8%).

In Oil it is also about China… Difference between oil production and consumption (million tons) in five major oil market countries. Source: BP (2014)

Conclusions CO 2 emission reduction is important goal for Europe and the entire world, but main decisions are made elsewhere than Europe or Russia – Emerging Economies drive the coal and with delay, oil consumption (they repeat the same mistakes of developed economies) We could reduce transportation logistics emissions easily with %, but it means that old fast and oil dependent solutions can not be used that widely. In continental transports container ships are the solution, and if some lead time is sought after, then combining some air transportation element in it (of course railway connections such as TSR from Asia to Europe are useful too). Inside Europe short sea shipping is really problematic – it is serving with fast speed, but consumes a lot of oil and produces a lot of emissions, if roro or ropax alternative is used – again container ships would be good option, but take a lot of time. Railways have special role, and especially dry port concept should be developed with main sea ports (like they have done in Göteborg, Sweden)