Grants (Grant-in-Aid Programs) Money paid to states by national government $6 million--$115 million 16 th Amendment: Income Tax Amount doubled Amount doubled LBJ: Great Society/ “War on Poverty” 2006$225 billion

Types of Grants Categorical Grants: Specific purpose; conditions-of-aid Block Grants: General purpose; fewer conditions of aid by national govt. Revenue Sharing: Funds given with no restrictions State discretion

New Federalism Ronald Reagan-Bill Clinton ( ) Devolution More state/local control More block grants What type of grant would U.S. Congress prefer? Categorical Control Money

“Homeland Security Grants Rile D.C., NYC” 1.What is the Grant? 2.What is the Criteria used to determine who gets the money? 3.Who allocates the money? 4.How did the government justify cuts to D.C. and NYC? 5.What are the conditions of aid?

Mandates Federal govt. makes rules. States must abide. Can be funded, underfunded, or unfunded.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),1990 Businesses, state, and local governments must provide the disabled to equal services, equal employment, equal access to buildings, and equal transportation systems.

ADA and Golf Courses During the debate on the ADA, no one mentioned golf courses. Nevertheless, the ADA has changed the way the public golf courses are administered. There is an Association of Disabled American Golfers and a National Blind Golfers Association. The March 1993 issue of Golf Course News offered the following guidelines to public course operators, who must comply with the ADA:

Reserve one or two handicapped parking spaces near the bag drop rather than next to the clubhouse. Cut out spots on raised curbs so carts can pass through. Build ramps to tees where possible. Provide a spot for disabled golfers to get in and out of the bunker. Keep bunker grades no more than one foot of elevation for every five feet of length. Install a Telecommunication Device for the Deaf in the reservation office so the hearing impaired can make tee-time reservations by phone. Taken From: Wilson, James and John DiIulio. American Government: Institutions and Policies

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) George W. Bush-- (2002) Ted Kennedy in the Senate (very liberal) Approx. 13 billion in aid per year to the states. States set academic standards National Govt. sets benchmarks to compare the states’ standards. States test annually Must show Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) toward state objectives. 100% efficiency by 2014 States can restructure “under performing schools.”

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Why has education traditionally been a state issue? Why is the federal government assuming more control? Explain how both political parties have seemingly switched ideological positions. What do you consider to be the strongest arguments for and against NCLB?

South Dakota v. Dole (1987) History: Fed. Highway Funds Drinking age 21 Constitutional ? Am. 21 Spending Clause USSC: BROAD interpretation of Spending Clause Ability to attach Conditions of Aid Conditions are Constitutional when: Pursuant to General Welfare Unambiguous Related to national interest/fed. Projects No violation of 21 st States don’t HAVE to change