Name, event, date Rob de Jong United Nations Environment Programme/ Introduction of UNEP (what it is, HQ in Nairobi, Regional office in Bangkok, mission, etc) and yourself Rob de Jong United Nations Environment Programme/ Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Air pollution: health effects Premature Deaths Cancer Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis

Urban air pollution a key issue WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels Up to 1 million premature deaths, up to 1 million pre-native deaths Local and global effects (climate change) Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be 2% of GDP, in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e.g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020)

Urban air pollution a key issue - continued In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels in atmosphere are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards In CEE USD 1.2 billion lost per year due to working time lost to illness But also global impacts: transport sector key to CO2 emissions

Growth in Passenger Cars, EU & CEE (1980 – 2000) Passenger Cars per 1000 Inhabitants Rate (%) of Increase from 1980 13 x increase ~ 1200% - thank organizers of the Forum for the invitation to make a presentation - I am working as programme Officer urban Environment in UNEP; the United Nations Environment Programme, the UN Environment agency and one of my responsibilities is urban air quality issues, included the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles - urgent need to address urban air quality in developing countries - this presentation is about the follow-up to the WSSD to promote clean air quality in developing countries through clean fuels and vehicles; - While still below the EU average, the ownership rates for passenger vehicles in CEE and Turkey (Czech Rep. and Romania examples here), are rapidly rising.

Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002 to promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality public – private Partnership Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya The PCFV was launched at the WSSD as a so called Type-2 partnership; partnerships between public and private sector. Several Environment Ministers/ delegations and Klaus Töpfer participated in the launch. The Partners decided in their first global meeting in November 2002 in New York, to establish a Clearing House for the Partnership at UNEP HQ. To date over 70 organisations have joined the Partnership. Since than, the PCFV has grown rapidly, to become one of the leading WSSD Partnerships and to become the leading global initiative to promote air quality in developing countries through cleaner fuels and vehicles.

PCFV Objectives the elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies website: www.unep.org/pcfv As initial activities, the Partners decided to focus on the phase out of leaded gasoline and the reduction of sulfur levels in fuels, hand in hand with the introduction of clean vehicles technologies These are governments –developed and developing-, private sector, civil society organisations and international organisations, all working together on these issue. Information sheets about the Partnership -in Spanish- are also available and the website of the Partnership -www.unep.org/PCFV- is a major source for information for promoting clean air in developing countries through clean fuels and vehicles. For those of you that want to address the issue of cleaner fuels and vehicles, I strongly encourage you to join the Partnership, please contact me after the presentation or visit the website for contact information for colleagues at UNEP head quarters. There are no costs involved in joining.

Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane Lead has severe health effects Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters Alternatives available Lead phase out world wide

Lead pollution: health effects Toxicity already at low level (no safe NAEL) Developmental problems (IQ, growth, hearing, specific for children) Several organs effected Malnourished particularly at high risk Restricts the mental development of children (loss of IQ); 1ug/dl – 0.25-0.5 IQ point For each 10ug/dl – height decrease by 1 cm

Leaded gasoline: Health Effects (example Egypt) Estimated annual health effects: Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600 Strokes - 800 to 1,400 Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100 Infant Deaths - ~820 Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points Egypt went unleaded Very few data is available of the health effects of the use of leaded gasoline in Africa. One study has been done in Egypt about the annual affects of the use of leaded gasoline. Egypt was one of the first countries on the Sub-Saharan continent that went unleaded. Recently UNEP and a University in Nairobi did a study on the lead levels in and around Nairobi and very high lead levels were found.

Lead levels in petrol in Hungary: Hungary: declining blood lead levels after leaded petrol phase out (1985 – 2000) Lead levels in petrol in Hungary: 1985: 0.7 grams/ liter 1995: 0.15 grams per liter current EU level: .005 g/l Lead contents in gasoline (g/l) Blood Lead Level (µg/dl) 1985 1985 1995 1995

Regional Status of Leaded Petrol Phase-Out

Objective 2: Sulfur in fuels sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ Health effects and environment effects regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less than 25 ppm need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines

Sulfur: Health Effects Sulfur and Particulate problems Sulfur: bronchitis, asthma damage to plants and buildings PM: Cardio-respiratory problems and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic

Sulfur: Health Effects of PM 2.5 (example Europe) Loss in average expected statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 (in months) Avg. 9 months of life expectancy lost 386,000 premature deaths annually due to PM Very few data is available of the health effects of the use of leaded gasoline in Africa. One study has been done in Egypt about the annual affects of the use of leaded gasoline. Egypt was one of the first countries on the Sub-Saharan continent that went unleaded. Recently UNEP and a University in Nairobi did a study on the lead levels in and around Nairobi and very high lead levels were found.

Regional Status of Sulfur in Diesel

Objective 3: Clean Vehicles Need to see fuels and vehicles as a combination: certain vehicles need certain fuels and the other way around - Vehicles - Options: No or ultra low emission vehicles Conventional vehicles Retrofit vehicles

Clean Vehicles - continued Vehicles - Options: 1- No or ultra low emission vehicles hybrids , hydrogen 2- Conventional vehicles modern engines, catalytic converters 3- Retrofit vehicles esp. diesel technology; diesel traps (fuels needs?)

Cleaner Vehicles

Engine Life vs. Sulfur Levels in Diesel Vehicles going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel, engine life is expected to increase with 50%

PCFV Possible Outcomes & Next Steps, CEE & Turkey In General Work with national governments, industry, civil society to promote cleaner fuels and vehicles in CEE; Promote and advocate current conference’s conclusions and recommendations for uptake by national decision-makers; Correct information gaps for fuels and vehicles information (especially vehicle fleets); Develop a regional network of experts, decision-makers, industry, all stakeholders for cleaner fuels and vehicles.

Next Steps - continued Cleaner Fuels LEAD: Lead phaseout ASAP (including support for current plans): Albania (ban planned for 2005) Bosnia and Herzegovina (ban planned for 1/1/2010) Croatia (1/1/2006) Macedonia (2006) Romania Serbia & Montenegro Turkey (2006) Increased use of catalytic converter technology through legislation, deadlines for retirement of non-cat converter cars, and ban on non-cat imports into CEE countries

Next Steps - continued SULPHUR: Lower diesel sulphur level with the goal to go to 500 ppm asap (including support for current plans) in: Albania (2,000 ppm) BiH (2,000 ppm) Croatia (10,000 ppm) Macedonia (2,000 ppm) Serbia & Montenegro (10,000 ppm) Turkey (7,000) Promotion of emissions control technology for heavy-duty diesel vehicles, including retrofits; Support for further compliance with EU fuel quality standards for both petrol and diesel.

Next Steps - continued VEHICLES: Close information gaps on CEE national vehicle fleets, including catalytic converters and vehicle age; Restrictions on age of imported vehicles and requirements for catalytic converters in all CEE countries (to complement EU requirements); Cleaner Diesel Vehicles:Retrofit projects for heavy duty diesel vehicles, improved I & M, accelerated retirement plans, and cost/benefit analysis of replacement of diesel with alternative vehicles (natural gas, etc.).

Role of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) One example where the partnership has been very successful in bringing organisations together is the phase out of leaded gasoline in Sub Saharan Africa

PCFV Activities Technical support Networking support Financial support Joint activities Involved other partners/ organisations Information/ communication UNEP, as the Clearing House, is promoting and supporting the implementation of activities within the Partnership. These include (read from slide) The following slides will give some examples of these activities

Progress on Lead Phase Out in Sub-Saharan Africa As one can see, slowly, countries are introducing unleaded gasoline. As of 1 Match, 9 countries in Sub Saharan Africa have gone completely unleaded

Information: Website www.unep.org/pcfv

This workshop will look at the issues of clean fuels and vehicles in Central America, and the Partnership stands ready to support the region in these efforts. As said, more information can be found at the website of the Partnership. Thank you for your attention www.unep.org/PCFV