Matter and Energy 6.P.2.1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms and atoms of the same element are all alike, but are different from the atoms of other elements.

MATTER PART I CLASSIFYING MATTER

Matter is anything having mass and volume. The Study of matter and how it changes Mass- the amount of matter in an object Mass is measured with a balance, unit is grams mass is related to weight but isn’t the same thing. mass is related to weight but isn’t the same thing. weight is dependent upon gravity. weight is dependent upon gravity. mass never changes mass never changes Volume- anything that takes up space, unit L, cm 3, mL is

4 IS AIR MATTER? Does air have mass? Does air have volume? YES, to both, so air is matter

Composition- what matter is made of. Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen (H 2 O), tea has caffeine Properties-what matter is like. For example, water can dissolve many substances and caffeine is a stimulant. What caffeine is made of…What caffeine is like…

THE BASIC UNIT OF MATTER IS AN ATOM There are over 118 varieties of atoms PERIODIC TABLE

ELEMENTS contain only one type of atom. Ex: hydrogen (H) is an element that contains only hydrogen atoms, carbon (C) contains only carbon atoms, oxygen (O) contains only oxygen atoms, etc. Atoms of elements can combine together to form compounds. COMPOUNDS are neutral groups of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Ex: CO 2, H 2 O, H 2, O 2

HOW DO WE CLASSIFY MATTER? All matter is classified as either a pure substance or a mixture Pure gold/Pure substance 24 karat End of introductory material. Return to index Alloy rims/ mixture of two metals 18 karat

CLASSIFYING MATTER Pure substance-a type of matter where all samples, no matter how big or small, have the same properties…they behave in exactly the same way. 1.Elements 2.Compounds CANNOT Elements contain one type of atom, thus they CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Elements consist of either:  single atoms, such as Carbon (C), or Sodium (Na)  groups of atoms of the same type (molecules), such as H 2, O 2, Br 2, etc.

ELEMENTS MONATOMIC ELEMENTSDIATOMIC ELEMENTSALLOTROPES Atomic nitrogen N Molecular nitrogen N 2 Ozone O3 Atomic hydrogen H Molecular hydrogen H 2 Graphite, buckyball Atomic oxygen O Molecular oxygen O 2 Carbon C ALLOTROPE-different forms of an element in same physical state

COMPOUNDS Compounds are substances made up of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined. CO 2, H 2 O, HCl, Na 2 SO 4 COMPOUNDS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL MEANS ONLY. COMPOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES THAN THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE THEM UP. Click on the links below to watch videos of compounds broken down into the substances that make them up. Example-dehydration of sugar: C 12 H 11 O 22  12C(s) + 11 H 2 O(g) -Sugar breaks down into carbon and water Example-hydrolysis of water: 2H 2 O  2H 2 + O 2 water breaks down into the hydrogen and oxygen gas which make it up. projects.com/science_fair_projects/38/819/5db c1438c1f760fddff8.html

ELEMENTS TO COMPOUND Sodium, Na, is a soft, shiny metal that can be cut with a butter knife. When in contact with moisture it will “explode”. Chlorine gas, Cl 2, which is a green, poisonous gas once used as a chemical weapon in military operations. COMBINED WITH… Will Form…

Sodium metal and chlorine gas, under the right conditions, undergo a chemical change and combine to become….. 2 Na (s) + Cl 2(g)  2 NaCl The final compound has properties different from the elements that formed it. TABLE SALT!

1)We are studying CHEMISTRY, the study of ________and how it ________. 2)Matter is anything that has___ and takes up ___. 3)___ are the basic building blocks of matter. 4)Matter can be classified as either a ___ or a ___. 5)Substances are either ___ or ___. 1. matter, changes 2. mass, space 3. atoms 4. pure substance, mixture 5. elements, compounds Return to index Answers:

MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE ELEMENTCOMPOUND Carbon (C)H2OH2O MIXTURE ? NOW LETS DISCOVER MATTER AS MIXTURES THUS FAR WE HAVE REVIEWED MATTER AS PURE SUBSTANCES.

MATTER AS MIXTURES Mixtures are combinations of 2 or more substances where each substance retains its individual properties. HOW ARE MIXTURES DIFFERENT FROM COMPOUNDS? HOW ARE MIXTURES LIKE COMPOUNDS?THEY ARE MADE FROM TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES DO NOT FORM CHEMICAL BONDS.

There are two types of mixtures: Classifying mixtures 2) HETEROGENEOUS 1) HOMOGENEOUS

…a mixture that is the same throughout. A homogeneous mixture has a composition and properties that are identical regardless of the sample  one phase  uniformly mixed  won’t settle out  small particles Ways to identify a homogeneous mixture: A SOLUTION is another name for a homogeneous mixture is

… a mixture that is visibly different throughout. Heterogenous mixtures have a composition and properties that differ in any given sample.  not uniformly mixed  more than one phase  will settle out  larger particles is Ways to identify a homogeneous mixture:

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES There are special types of heterogeneous mixtures: Suspensions-appear uniform when mixed but settle out. –Chocolate Quik –Muddy Water –Pulpy Orange Juice –Oil & Vinegar dressing Colloids-appear uniform but they do not settle out. However, their particles are too large to be classified as a homogeneous solution. –Gelatin –Milk –Smoke –Fog –Mayonnaise

TYNDALL EFFECT Colloids are evenly mixed, but their particles are too large to be considered homogeneous mixtures, which are also the same throughout. Colloids show the Tyndall Effect. The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light as a beam passes through a colloid. In each picture, the colloid on the left scatters the beam making it visible

Mixtures Summary Heterogeneous MixtureHomogeneous Mixture Not evenly mixedEvenly mixed Individual components retain their own properties Properties of combined components are usually different than those of each component Individual components can be easily seen Individual components can not be easily seen Can be easily separatedNot as easily separated Ex.: salt & pepper mix, rocks, cereal, bag of assorted candy Ex. salt-water solution, tea, Cool-Aid drink

1.Tossed salad 2.Salt water 3.Kool-aid 4.Muddy water 5.OJ with pulp Practice Problems 1. He 2. Ho 3. Ho 4. He 5. He 6. Ho 7. He 8. He 9. He 10. Ho 6. Tea 7. Banana nut bread 8. Pizza 9. Blood 10. Brass Determine whether each is a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture: Answers: Return to index

Pure Substances –Made of either elements or compounds that are chemically bonded. –Cannot be separated by physical means. –When combined they take on new properties different from the original elements. –Examples: Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 Table Salt: NaCl Oxygen Gas: O 2 Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Mixtures: –Two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined. Tea = Crushed Leaf + H 2 O Rocks = minerals + sediments + organic matter Sugar Water = Sugar + H 2 O –Each component retains its own identity; it does not change into something else. –Can be separated by physical means –Examples: Sweet tea Trail mix Air (O 2, N 2, CO 2, Ar) Now, lets put it all together and determine how to tell substances (compounds and elements) from mixtures.

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter, 3 rd Edition, 1990, page 68 hydrogen atoms oxygen atoms hydrogen atoms. Two of the descriptions to the right apply to each bottle below. Determine the appropriate descriptions. a.Two types of atoms evenly mixed b.Two types of atoms chemically combined c.One type of atom d.Two types of atoms mixed e.An element f.A solution g.A compound h.A mixture 2_______1_______3_______4_______ d & hb & gc & ea & f Return to Index

Classifying Matter Matter Pure SubstancesMixtures ElementsCompounds HomogeneousHeterogeneous He, OH 2 O, NaCl Tea, kool-aid Rocky Road ice cream, muddy water Review: How matter is classified

Classify the following substances as: Pure substance, heterogeneous mixture, or homogeneous mixture GatoradeHomogenous mixture Fruit LoopsHeterogeneous mixture Pure substance Gasoline Dirt Heterogeneous mixture Sugar Crystals Pure Substance Air Homogeneous mixture Granite Heterogeneous mixture Return to index More review

Questions What are states of matter? A. physical properties B. chemical properties C. invisible properties D. United States

An example of a chemical change is __________. A. burning B. freezing C. melting D. boiling

What are the three main states of matter? A. cold, warm, and hot B. solid, liquid, and gas C. small, medium, and large D. wind, fire, and ice

The End!