By: Mrs. Deborah Thompson The Early Middle Ages By: Mrs. Deborah Thompson

where medieval Europeans Main Idea: Geography influenced where medieval Europeans settled and what they did.

Europe as a Queen Munster, 1588

Europe’s Latitude v. US

Satellite View of Europe

3,800 square miles

R E G I O N S

Continents by Size (sq. km.) Asia 44,579,000 Africa 30,065,000 North America 24,256,000 South America 17,819,000 Antarctica 13,209,000 Europe 9,938,000 Oceania (incl. Australia)   7,687,000

Topography

Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsulas? OR A Peninsula of Asia?

Europe: An Asian Peninsula?

Scandinavian Peninsula Northern Peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula Jutland Peninsula

Southern Peninsulas Crimean Peninsula Iberian Peninsula Italian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula AnatoleanPeninsula

P e n i n s u l a s Scandinavian Pen. Jutland Pen. Crimean Pen. Italian Pen. Balkan Pen. Iberian Pen. Anatolean Pen. Peloponnesian Pen.

What’s the answer ??

B o d i e s of W a t e r Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Sea Baltic Sea English Channel Caspian Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Dardanelles Strait Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea AegeanSea Strait of Gibraltar Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum Strait of Gibraltar & the “Pillars of Hercules” 2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide “Crossroads of 3 Continents” Caesarea on the Israeli coast

R i v e r s Volga R. Don R. Thames R. Vistula R. Elbe R. Rhine R. Oder R. Dnieper R. Seine R. Loire R. Danube R. Po R. Tagus R. Tiber R. Ebro R.

The Danube River 1770 miles

Biking Along the Danube The Danube River Where Buda & Pest Meet Biking Along the Danube Flows through the 12 countries of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine.

The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles. The Volga River The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.

The Volga River The river is so polluted that the sturgeon catch has been decreased by 60%.

Why are most of the capitals of Europe on major rivers??

Capitals on the Rivers (1) London on the Thames Paris, right bank of the Seine Prague on the Vltava Budapest on the Danube

Capitals on the Rivers (2) Moscow on the Moscow River Berlin on the Spree Rome on the Tiber Vienna on the Danube

What’s the answer ??

They are Europe’s lifeline! Answer: They are Europe’s lifeline!

M o u t a i n s & P e a k s Ural Mts. Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts. Alps Mts. Pyrennes Mts. Dinaric Alps Apennines Mts. Mt. Vesuvius ^ Mt. Olympus ^ Mt. Etna ^

Elevation Urals Caucasus Pyrennes Carpathians Alps Apennines

The Alps Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, and parts of Italy and France.

Mt. Blanc in the Alps Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet

The Caucasus Mountains The origin of the word Caucasian.

Transylvania in the Carpathian Mountains Home of Vlad Tepeš, the Drakul (“Count Dracula”)

Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide” 1500 miles Divides the European and Asian sections of Russia.

The Ural Mountains

Northern European Plain Siberian Lowlands P l a i n s Northern European Plain Steppes

The BENELUX Countries Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg

Holland’s Dikes

Amsterdam’s Canals

The Netherlands: The “Dagger” Pointing at the Heart of Britain!

P l a t e a u s Meseta

Northern European Plain Arctic Ocean C o m p l e t e d M a p Siberian Lowlands Ural Mts. Scandinavian Pen. Atlantic Ocean Jutland Pen. Volga R. North Sea Baltic Sea Don R. Northern European Plain Thames R. Elbe R. Vistula R. English Channel Rhine R. Oder R. Steppes Dnieper R. Seine R. Carpathian Mts. Caspian Sea Loire R. Caucasus Mts. Bay of Biscay Alps Mts. Crimean Pen. Danube R. Po R. Pyrennes Mts. Italian Pen. Dinaric Alps Balkan Pen. Black Sea Tagus R. Dardanelles Strait Tiber R. Apennines Mts. Iberian Pen. Adriatic Sea Mt. Vesuvius ^ Ebro R. Anatolean Pen. Tyrrhenian Sea Mt. Olympus ^ AegeanSea Strait of Gibraltar Mt. Etna ^ Peloponnesian Pen.

10,000 BCE – Ice Age

Norwegian Fjords Glaciers cut deep valleys in the ocean during the Ice Age.

Earthquake Zones

Reykjavik, Iceland: “The Youngest Oldest Country” Volcanoes Hot Springs Geysers

Mediterranean Islands Generally rugged & mountainous. Mediterranean Sea so polluted (will take 1000 years to clean up). Sardinia Cyprus Malta

Mt. Etna, Sicily An active volcano

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy Pompeii, 79 CE Herculaneum, 79 CE 1944 eruption

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Russia’s 10 Time Zones

Siberia --> Permafrost Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C 150,000,000 population. A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

Lake Baikal, Siberia The oldest and deepest lake in the world. 20% of the world’s total unfrozen water supply.

Trans-Siberian Railroad Completed in 1905.

Trans-Siberian Railroad The main line runs 5,785 miles.

Climate

Europe’s Latitude v. US

Climate

Average Annual Precipitation

Vegetation

Europe’s Natural Regions

The North European Plain

The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice Versa?)

Steppes: “Soviet” Breadbasket

The Steppes 25% of the old Soviet Union’s food supply.

Major Regional Divisions of the Former U. S. S. R. Chernozen Soil

Germany’s Black Forest

Germany’s Black Forest

Tundra: The Not-So-Barren Land Below the Arctic Circle

L a n d U s e

Agricultural Activity

Natural Resources

R E S O U R C E S

Major Industrial Resources

Oil Export Routes in the Caucasus Area

Geographic Problems

Major Environmental Disasters & Pollution Problems

Acid Rain

Demographics

World Population by Continents Asia 3,737,000,000 Africa 823,000,000 Europe 729,000,000 North America 486,000,000 South America 351,000,000 Oceania (incl. Australia)   31,000,000 Antarctica no permanent population

Population Density [People Per Square Mile] Belgium 336.82 Mexico 52.15 Japan 336.72 United States 29.77 India 336.62 World 14.42 United Kingdom 244.69 Norway Italy 192.96 Canada 3.36 France 108.09 Russia 8.61

Population Distribution

Population Growth

Members of the Indo-European Language Family

Major Religious Groups in Europe

Arrivederci! Good Bye! Au Revoir! Adios! Cairete! Auf Wiedersehen! Do Svidaniya!

As a continent, Europe is a large peninsula that is divided into many smaller peninsulas. Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of an ocean or sea and this encouraged trade and fishing. The Rhine, Danube, Vistula, Volga, Seine, and Po rivers made it easy to travel into the interior of Europe and encouraged people to trade. Seas and rivers provided safety and opportunities for trade. Europe's Geography

Bodies of water also kept people separated and allowed them to develop their own distinct cultures. Europe has many mountain ranges which made it difficult for one group to rule all of Europe and encouraged the development of independent kingdoms. Isolation

The Roman Empire united all the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The last Roman emperor fell from power in A.D. 476 and the unity was lost. Western Europe was then divided into many kingdoms as Germanic invaders began conquering large areas of Europe.

The Germanic Kingdoms Main Idea: The Franks, Angles, and Saxons of Western Europe built new societies and defended them against Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings.

Denmark and Germany and The kingdoms of western Europe developed different societies based on their locations Visogoths of Spain and the Ostrogoths of Italy were close to the center of the old Roman Empire so they adopted many Roman ways. Germanic Kingdoms Other groups farther from Rome held on to more of their Germanic Traditions. The Angles and Saxons invaded Britain from Denmark and Germany and became the Anglo-Saxons.

The Celts were pushed out of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and went to the present day areas of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Germanic Kingdoms

Who were the Franks? King Clovis of the A Germanic people called the Franks settled the area that is now France. King Clovis of the Franks became a Catholic, won the support of the Romans, and influenced most Franks to become Catholic Who were the Franks? After Clovis died, his sons divided his kingdom and began fighting over land allowing nobles to take over many royal duties. The most important nobles were chosen to become Mayor of the Palace whose role was to give out land, settle disputes, and fight their own wars.

The most powerful mayor, Charles Martel, wanted to unite all Frankish nobles under his rule and restore order in the lands of the western Roman Empire. The pope, who was head of the Catholic Church, offered his support to Charles Martel North Africa conquered Spain and Muslim forces. In A.D. 711, a Muslim army from invaded France. The Catholic Church wanted all of Europe to be Catholic.

In A.D. 732, Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslims and defeated them at the Battle of Tours to stop the Muslim advance into Europe. Christianity remained western Europe’s major religion. When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin became Mayor of the Palace and with the support of the Catholic Church, he eventually became king of the Franks. When the Lombards threatened the pope, Pepin defeated them. Pepin donated the land he conquered to the pope and the pope ruled these lands as if he were a king. They became the Papal States.

son Charles became king. Charles invaded eastern Who was Charlemagne? After Pepin died, his son Charles became king. Charles also protected The pope from the Lombards. Later, he invaded Spain and fought the Muslims for control Charles invaded eastern Germany and defeated the Saxons ordering them to convert to Christianity.

By A.D. 800, Charles kingdom had grown into an empire and covered much of western and central Europe Charles conquests earned him the name of Charlemagne or the Great. On Christmas Day in A.D. 800, the pope crowned Charlemagne and declared him the New Holy Roman Emperor.

Nobles called counts ran Charlemagne made Aachen the capital of his empire and to uphold laws, he set up the courts throughout the empire. Nobles called counts ran the courts. Charlemagne sent out inspectors called the lord’s messengers to make sure the courts were obeying orders.

Charlemagne believed in education and wanted his people to be educated. He asked a scholar named Alcuin to start a school in one of the royal palaces to teach children of government officials. His students studied religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic.