The Cold War After World War Two the world is broken into two main groups: The Democratic West The Communist East Lead by 1. The Soviet Union 2. The United States

What is the Cold War?  Period lasting from 1945 –  Characterized by tension and hostility between the Communist Soviet Union and its allies and the Capitalist and democratic United States and its allies.

3 Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US  Promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression  Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia the world, especially in Asia and Africa and Africa  Stop the spread of communism “ Domino Effect ”“ Domino Effect ”

4 Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR  Create greater security for itself lost tens of millions of people in WWII and lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin ’ s purges Stalin ’ s purges feared a strong Germany feared a strong Germany  Establish defensible borders  Encourage friendly governments on its borders  Spread communism around the world

The Cold War Begins  End of WW2  A divided Europe in ruins  Totalitarian vs. Democracy  Communism vs. Capitalism  Formation of the United Nations  Truman Doctrine  Marshall Plan  Warsaw Pact, NATO, Berlin Airlift

Europe – EAST AND WEST  Separated by the “Iron Curtain” Coined by Churchill to describe the break between East and WestCoined by Churchill to describe the break between East and West

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech March, 1946  “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”  Excerpt from Winston Churchill ’ s “ Iron Curtain Speech. ”

Berlin and Germany Split  Berlin

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, 1947  Truman Doctrine: US would tolerate Soviet expansion to its 1947 limits (principle of coexistence) but would resist any further encroachment (principle of containment)  Marshall Plan: Economic aid to rebuild European economies. An instrument to aid non-communist states (economic imperialism?)

12 The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949  1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan  West wanted East to rejoin; many were fleeing Soviet Berlin.  Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.  June 1948: Stalin decided to try and gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector. So in 1948, the Soviets blockade all the ground links to West Berlin  Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission  West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive. All supplies needed are ferried in to Berlin through air corridors from the West. Stalin eventually gives up.  May 1949: USSR lifted the blockade  Soviets decide to put up Berlin wall to keep people in.

Berlin Air Lift

Planes lined up for take off.

Berlin Wall

Building the Wall

Defection from the East

Canada and the Cold War  Caught in the Middle – USSR on top, USA underneath…main missile and bomber route. Wrong place at the wrong time.  Sided with the US and NATO

Canada’s Spy Ring Igor Gouzenko  Russian clerk from Soviet Embassy delivers files to Canada proving the existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada.  Gouzenko and family are given asylum and new IDs in Ontario.

was a Sept 1945 – Igor Gouzenko was a Russian working in the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa He – (deserted his country) He defected – (deserted his country) and asked the Canadian government to protect him and his family and asked the Canadian government to protect him and his family -gave the government secret files revealing Russian spies in the -gave the government secret files revealing Russian spies in the Canadian, US and British Government Canadian, US and British Government were stealing important information, like the plans for building the atomic bomb. were stealing important information, like the plans for building the atomic bomb.  Result fear of communism and communists (the “Red Menace”) spread fear of communism and communists (the “Red Menace”) spread

The Red Scare in North America United States US Congress formed “Committee on Un-American Activities” “Committee on Un-American Activities” led by Senator Joseph McCarthy Goal -- to find any communists became a “witch hunt” anyone suspected of being a Communist could be persecuted, fired, blacklisted (prevented from getting a job) anyone suspected of being a Communist could be persecuted, fired, blacklisted (prevented from getting a job)

Communism in Canada PM Louis St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism because refused to outlaw communism because it was not democratic (was against freedom of speech), but an RCMP special branch kept an eye on anyone thought to be a communist – performing secret checks on government employees. Union leaders were especially suspected. it was not democratic (was against freedom of speech), but an RCMP special branch kept an eye on anyone thought to be a communist – performing secret checks on government employees. Union leaders were especially suspected.Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis feared communism and hated unions. feared communism and hated unions. “Padlock Law” police allowed to raid places in search of “revolutionary material” and shut down any organizations and newspapers thought to be communist. police allowed to raid places in search of “revolutionary material” and shut down any organizations and newspapers thought to be communist.

NATO and Warsaw Pact  WEST – NATO (1949) Military Alliance (sound familiar?)Military Alliance (sound familiar?) North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization Led by the United StatesLed by the United States  EAST – Warsaw Pact (1955) Military Alliance, response to NATO threatMilitary Alliance, response to NATO threat Led by Soviet RussiaLed by Soviet Russia

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization Canadian PM Louis St Laurent – encouraged an alliance of democratic countries in the North Atlantic region NATO Result NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed. North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed. it was agreed that an attack on one member was an attack on all. Members of NATO US Canada France Britain Holland Italy Iceland Portugal Belgium Greece Turkey Spain Denmark Norway West Germany Luxembourg

1949 – Mao Zhedong, communist revolutionary, took control of China and his opponents, supported by the US, fled to Taiwan. USSR announced it had discovered the atomic bomb Result Arms Race Arms Race competition between USSR and US to build nuclear weapons competition between USSR and US to build nuclear weapons USSR -- angered by the formation of NATO, formed the Warsaw Pact Members of the Warsaw Pact Members of the Warsaw Pact USSRCzechoslovakia Romania Hungary Poland East Germany Albania Bulgaria

REVIEW: What were the causes of WW1? In partners, apply your knowledge of WW1 causes to the Cold War situation What do you find is similar? different?

Causes of WW1 and Cold War 1.Militarism Nuclear Arms Race…even worseNuclear Arms Race…even worse2.Alliances NATO and Warsaw PactNATO and Warsaw Pact3.Imperialism Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence4.Nationalism Economic system instead of nations?Economic system instead of nations?

North American Defense  NORAD – North American Air Defense Agreement  HQ buried in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado.  Centrally controlled and coordinated defense of North American Air Space Fighter forcesFighter forces Missile basesMissile bases Air defense radarAir defense radar

Canada and NORAD  Protection from Soviet Air Attack (bombers initially, then missiles)  US built three lines of radar stations across Canada (built between ) The Pinetree LineThe Pinetree Line The Mid-Canada LineThe Mid-Canada Line DEW Line (in the artic) - Distant Early Warning LineDEW Line (in the artic) - Distant Early Warning Line

DEW Controversy  Many Canadians felt this defense system compromised our independence  Was this a necessary price of added security?  This information can be found on pages of Counterpoints

The Nuclear Issue in Canada  In the 1960’s tensions rose between the presidents of the U.S.A. and Canadian prime ministers, as a result of a lack of total commitment by Canada to U.S. defence efforts.  Both Prime Ministers Diefenbaker and Pearson would have confrontations with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.  Canada was hesitant during the Cuban missile crisis and Pearson was hesitant to allow nuclear warheads on American missiles on Canadian soil.

Avro Arrow  1950s Canada begins the development of a supersonic Jet Fighter to counteract the threat of Soviet Nuclear armed Bomber aircraft  It was well ahead of its time technologically but would be scrapped by the Diefenbaker government who maintained modern day warfare would be fought with intercontinental missiles rather than jet fighters. Cancelled in 1959 by DiefenbakerCancelled in 1959 by Diefenbaker  Some say it was because the plane was too good and US interests did not want competition so US government put pressure on the Canadian govt.  Others say it was too costly and intercontinental missiles made it obsolete before it was even done  Most of Canadian designers went down too the US and worked for US companies after the Arrow was scrapped (cancelled)

The Nuclear Issue grows  After the Arrow was scrapped, Canada agreed to accept US made BOMARC missiles on Canadian soil – took years to decide as many Canadians did not agree Created Huge debate in Canada Hypocritical to urge the UN to work for disarmament and have nuclear missiles at the same time!Hypocritical to urge the UN to work for disarmament and have nuclear missiles at the same time! Liberal- “Yes” to missiles under certain conditions (Business men did not want to make US mad)Liberal- “Yes” to missiles under certain conditions (Business men did not want to make US mad) Conservatives – “No” to missiles (Canada should not be bullied by US)Conservatives – “No” to missiles (Canada should not be bullied by US)  Liberals win minority in 1963 – missiles installed  1972 – Trudeau has all nuclear missiles removed

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