The Colonial Era: Economic, Political, Social #1 Enslavement in the Colonies #2 Characteristics of the Colonists #3 The Enlightenment/The Religious Impulse #4 Imperial Rivalries: Spanish and French

Growth of Colonial America Provincial capitals High-birth rate Immigration Diversity of Population & Religion Poverty in the Colonies Consumer Revolution & Cities Decline of Indigenous Populations

#1 The Creation of the Slave Institution in the Colonies First Arrivals 1560s- Spanish 1619 Virginia Shift in Landscape English and Africans: Anti-Black stereotypes 1640s Virginia: slavery Slave Laws: 1662, 1691 Virginia Chattel Slavery “From Cradle to Grave” Slave Culture Religious roles of Black women

#2 Characteristics of the “Colonists” Most colonies were business enterprises. Isolation from indigenous populations- Waged war for land. Belief Systems: Racially, Culturally, Spiritually superior to indigenous and enslaved. Gender assumptions and distinctions supported by English law Economic distinctions Characteristics of the first colonists

#2: To Be Enlightened The American Enlightenment Influence of Europe: French, British Scientific method of investigation- research and experimentation Reasons For Enlightenment Religious wars of 17 th century Criticism of social and political institutions John Locke Arminianism Deism

To Be Awakened Religion in the 18 th Century Sermons, treatises and copies of Christian Bible Religious Revivals: Causes For… Westward expansion, commercial development, rationalism Lack of individual engagement Worldwide Revival of religious fundamentalism Rationalism and religious purity Wahabbism- Middle East, Central Asia Modern-day terrorism/state sponsored terrorism Hasidic Jews “Hell, Fire, and Brimstone…” 1720s- style of preaching George Whitefield Critics of the Great Awakening

#3: Imperial Rivalries: Spanish and French Empires Meet the Frontier Culture Clashes War against the indigenous Spanish North America Geography Religious missions Presidios California: The Church and the Mission system San Diego French Empire Geography Sugar plantations Free Blacks in New Orleans War in The Upper Midwest- “the Middle Ground” Ohio Valley: French, British, Indigenous Communities Impact on Indigenous communities 7

The Seven Years’ War (French and “Indian” War) Warfare for Imperial Domination Europe, West Africa, Asia- colonial conflicts Main conflict Colonial Conflicts: British, French, trade, Ohio River Valley War against the indigenous populations Land and Spirituality A World Transformed: British Victory Reshaped landscape and balance of power Treaty of Paris 1763 (Peace of Paris, 1763) Pontiac’s Rebellion 3 Indigenous communities General Amherst’s policies

Historical Snapshot: Mississippi in the 1700s Historical Importance Treaty of Paris: Clause British expansion Indigenous Populations River- Trade/ War/Enslavement Exploration of Mississippi River Cabeza de Vaca Hernando de Soto Rene de La Salle European Influence Spanish- cotton shipments to Liverpool, England French American African slaves 1719