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Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Truman and Eisenhower Section 2:Section 2:The Affluent Society Section 3:Section 3:The Other Side of American Life Visual Summary

Chapter Intro What Does It Mean to Be Prosperous? After World War II, the United States experienced years of steady economic growth. Although not everyone benefited, the economic boom meant most Americans enjoyed more prosperity than earlier generations. How did Americans spend this new wealth? How does prosperity change the way people live?

Chapter Timeline

Chapter Intro 1 Truman and Eisenhower How did Truman and Eisenhower guide the nation after World War II?

Chapter Intro 2 The Affluent Society What were the characteristics of affluent Americans in the 1950s?

Chapter Intro 3 The Other Side of American Life What groups of Americans did not enjoy the affluence of the 1950s?

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Main Idea Big Ideas Economics and Society Following World War II, the federal government supported programs that helped the American economy make the transition from wartime to peacetime production.

Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary closed shop right-to-work laws union shop dynamic conservatism Academic Vocabulary legislator abandon

Section 1-Key Terms People and Events to Identify GI Bill “Do-Nothing Congress” Fair Deal Federal Highway Act

A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Should former military service be a requirement for running for president? A.Yes B.No

Section 1 Return to a Peacetime Economy Despite inflation and strikes, the nation was able to shift to a peacetime economy without a recession.

Section 1 Despite worries of a recession, the economy continued to grow after the war as consumer spending increased. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or GI Bill, boosted the economy further. Return to a Peacetime Economy (cont.) The GI Bill of Rights

Section 1 The postwar economy did have some problems. −A greater demand for goods led to higher prices, and this inflation soon triggered labor unrest. Return to a Peacetime Economy (cont.) The Republicans seized on America’s concerns during the 1946 congressional elections, winning control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1930.

Section 1 Congress set out to curb the power of organized labor, proposing a measure known as the Taft-Hartley Act, which outlawed the closed shop.closed shop States could pass right-to-work laws, which outlawed union shops.right-to-work lawsunion shops The law also prohibited featherbedding and unions using money to support political campaigns. Return to a Peacetime Economy (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why did Truman order government seizure of the mines during the strike? A.He feared the nation’s energy supply would be reduced. B.He didn’t want riots to erupt in the mines. C.The mines contained valuable materials that people might steal. D.He needed time to help the workers negotiate.

Section 1 Truman’s Program Truman pushed for a “Fair Deal” for Americans, despite the legislative conflicts he had with Congress.

Section 1 Truman’s proposals included the following: –Expansion of Social Security benefits –Raising the minimum wage –A program to ensure full employment –Public housing and slum clearance Truman’s Program (cont.)

Section 1 Truman’s proposals included the following: –A system of national health insurance –A broad civil rights bill Truman’s Program (cont.) –Long-range environmental and public works planning

Section 1 However, most of his legislative efforts met with little success. As the presidential election of 1948 approached, most observers gave Truman little chance of winning. Truman’s Program (cont.)

Section 1 A group of Southern Democrats nominated Strom Thurmond for president. A new Progressive Party elected Henry A. Wallace. The Republicans elected Governor Thomas Dewey, who seemed unbeatable. Truman’s Program (cont.)

Section 1 Truman traveled more than 20,000 miles campaigning, attacking the “Do-Nothing Congress.” The 80 th Congress did not “do nothing” as Truman charged, but its accomplishments were not in areas that affected most Americans. Truman’s Program (cont.)

Section 1 Truman won a narrow victory over Dewey, and the Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress. He coined a name—the Fair Deal—to set his program apart from the New Deal. Truman’s Program (cont.) Presidential Election of 1948

A.A B.B Section 1 The 81st Congress completely embraced Truman’s Fair Deal and passed his bills. A.True B.False

Section 1 The Eisenhower Years President Eisenhower cut federal spending, supported business, funded the interstate highway system, and extended some New Deal programs.

Section 1 After Eisenhower took office in 1952, he had two favorite phrases: “Middle of the Road and “dynamic conservatism.”dynamic conservatism The new president’s cabinet appointments included several business leaders, showing Eisenhower’s conservatism. He showed his conservatism in many other ways, such as vetoing a school construction bill and agreeing to slash government aid to public housing. The Eisenhower Years (cont.)

Section 1 He took an activist role in pushing for the Federal Highway Act and construction of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway. Eisenhower did agree to extend the Social Security system to an additional 10 million people. The Eisenhower Years (cont.) Interstate Highway System

Section 1 He extended unemployment compensation to an additional 4 million people and agreed to raise minimum wage and continue to provide some government aid to farmers. The Eisenhower Years (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which of the following caused an end to Truman’s Fair Deal? A.Eisenhower winning the election B.War in Korea C.A recession D.Congress

Section 1-End

Section 2-Main Idea Big Ideas Culture and Beliefs Postwar abundance and new technologies changed American society.

Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary baby boom white-collar job blue-collar worker multinational corporation franchise rock ‘n’ roll generation gap Academic Vocabulary phenomenon conform

Section 2-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Levittown Jonas Salk Elvis Presley Jack Kerouac

A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Do you feel that your parents’ generation understands your generation? A.Yes B.No

Section 2 American Abundance America entered a period of postwar abundance, with expanding suburbs, growing families, and more white- collar jobs.

Section 2 The 1950s was a decade of incredible prosperity. Between 1940 and 1955, the average income of American families roughly tripled. Advertising became the fastest-growing industry in the United States, as manufacturers employed new marketing techniques to sell their products. American Abundance (cont.)

Section 2 Many of the consumers lived in the new suburbs that grew up around cities in the 1950s. Levittown, New York, was one of the earliest of the new suburbs. American Abundance (cont.)

Section 2 Reasons for the rapid growth of suburbia varied: –People wanted to escape the crime and congestion of city neighborhoods. –Some believed the suburbs would provide a better life for themselves and their children. –Affordability of homes American Abundance (cont.)

Section 2 From 1945 to 1961, a period known as the baby boom, more than 65 million children were born in the United States. American Abundance (cont.)

Section 2 Several factors contributed to the baby boom: baby boom –Young couples who delayed marriage during World War II and the Korean War could now start families. –The government encouraged growth of families by offering generous GI benefits for home purchases. American Abundance (cont.) The Baby Boom, 1940–1970

Section 2 –Popular culture celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families. American Abundance (cont.) The Baby Boom, 1940–1970

Section 2 Dramatic changes in the workplace accompanied the country’s economic growth. −In 1956, for the first time, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar workers.white-collar workersblue-collar workers −Many white-collar employees worked for multinational corporations. multinational corporations −The 1950s also witnessed the rise of franchises. franchises American Abundance (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Some observers criticized which trend that franchises encouraged? A.Living abroad B.Conformity C.Free thinking D.Credit cards

Section 2 Scientific Advances Computers began a business revolution, and doctors discovered new ways to fight disease.

Section 2 The electronics industry made rapid advances after World War II. The transistor and the nation’s earliest computers were developed. Scientific Advances (cont.)

Section 2 The following medical breakthroughs were made in the 1950s: –Radiation treatments and chemotherapy for cancer –Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) –A mechanical heart Scientific Advances (cont.)

Section 2 –Jonas Salk developed an injectable vaccine to prevent polio. –Albert Sabin developed an oral vaccine for polio. Scientific Advances (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Who developed one of the nation’s earliest computers? A.John Bardeen B.William Shockley C.The Army D.The Navy

Section 2 The New Mass Media The rise of television led to changes in the movie and radio industries.

Section 2 By 1957, more than 80% of families had at least one television. Some famous shows are as follows: The New Mass Media (cont.) –I Love Lucy –Toast of the Town –The $64,000 Question –The Lone Ranger –Dragnet

Section 2 As the popularity of television grew, movies lost viewers. Cinemascope finally gave Hollywood something television could not match. The New Mass Media (cont.)

Section 2 Radio stations survived and flourished during this time, broadcasting recorded music, news, weather, sports, and talk shows. The New Mass Media (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Which of the following was one of the most popular shows ever to air on American television? A.I Love Lucy B.Toast of the Town C.The $64,000 Question D.The Lone Ranger

Section 2 New Music and Poetry Young people developed their own popular culture based largely on rock ‘n’ roll music and literature of the beat movement.

Section 2 For the first time, teens had large amounts of disposable income that could be spent on entertainment designed specifically for them. In addition, new mass media meant that teens across the country could hear the same music broadcast or watch the same television shows. New Music and Poetry (cont.)

Section 2 White artists began making music that stemmed from African American rhythms and sounds, and a new form of music, rock ‘n’ roll, was born. Elvis Presley was the first rock ‘n’ roll hero. New Music and Poetry (cont.)

Section 2 Rock ‘n’ roll created what became known as the generation gap.generation gap Beat poets, writers, and artists harshly criticized what they considered the sterility and conformity of American life, the meaninglessness of American politics, and the emptiness of popular culture. New Music and Poetry (cont.)

Section 2 Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac are two beat writers. African American entertainers struggled to find acceptance in a country that often treated them as second-class citizens. Nat King Cole’s television show was cancelled because no one would sponsor him. New Music and Poetry (cont.)

Section 2 However, African American rock ‘n’ roll singers faced fewer obstacles. Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Ray Charles were popular singers. New Music and Poetry (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Which rock group from the 1960s was inspired by Little Richard and Chuck Berry? A.The Beatles B.The Rolling Stones C.Bill Haley and His Comets D.Led Zeppelin

Section 2-End

Section 3-Main Idea Big Ideas Economics and Society The postwar prosperity did not extend to all Americans. For some groups, poverty and discrimination continued during the apparent abundance of the 1950s.

Section 3-Key Terms Content Vocabulary poverty line urban renewal termination policy juvenile delinquency Academic Vocabulary income entity

Section 3-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Lorraine Hansberry Bracero Program Appalachia

A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Should the government help the nation’s poor? A.Yes B.No

Section 3 Poverty Amidst Prosperity Despite the growing affluence of much of the nation, many groups still lived in poverty.

Section 3 At least one in five Americans, or about 30 million people, lived below the poverty line in the 1950s.poverty line The poverty of the 1950s was most apparent in the nation’s urban centers. Government often made matters worse when it tried to help. Urban renewal programs destroyed more housing space than they created.Urban renewal Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.)

Section 3 Long-standing patterns of racial discrimination in schools, housing, hiring, and salaries in the North kept many inner- city African Americans poor. Lorraine Hansberry wrote A Raisin in the Sun in 1959 and won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.) Major Cities With High Poverty Rates, 1960

Section 3 During the 1950s and early 1960s, the Bracero Program brought nearly 5 million Mexicans to the United States. The workers that remained in America lived with extreme poverty and hardship. Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.)

Section 3 Native Americans—who made up less than 1% of the population—were the poorest ethnic group in the nation. The U.S. government launched a program to bring Native Americans into mainstream society—whether they wanted to assimilate or not. This plan became known as the termination policy, and only deepened their poverty.termination policy Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.)

Section 3 Residents of rural Appalachia also failed to share in the prosperity of the 1950s. Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.) Poverty in Appalachia

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 In 1958, African Americans’ salaries, on average, were which percentage of what whites earned? A.20% B.35% C.51% D.67%

Section 3 Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile crime rates rose during the 1950s; a crisis in education occurred when the baby boomers began school.

Section 3 One problem at this time was a 45% rise in juvenile delinquency. juvenile delinquency Americans disagreed on what had triggered this rise. Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)

Section 3 Most teens steered clear of gangs, drugs, and crime, but the public tended to stereotype them as troublemakers. Many parents looked to the nation’s schools as a solution. Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)

Section 3 After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I and Sputnik II, many Americans felt that the nation had fallen behind its Cold War enemy and blamed what they felt was a lack of technical education in the nation’s schools. Shortly afterward, efforts began to improve math and science education. Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 All of the following reasons might have triggered a rise in delinquency EXCEPT A.Television B.Lack of religion C.Poor diet D.Anxiety over the military draft

Section 3-End

VS 1 The Prosperity of the 1950s Economy and Society The GI Bill provided funds and loans to millions of war veterans. Consumer spending increased rapidly. More Americans owned homes than ever before.

VS 2 The Prosperity of the 1950s Population Patterns The U.S. population experienced a “baby boom.” Millions of Americans moved out of cities to the suburbs. Science, Technology, and Medicine Improvements in communication, transportation, and electronics allowed Americans to work more efficiently. Medical breakthroughs included the polio vaccine, antibiotics, and treatments for tuberculosis, cancer, and heart disease.

VS 3 Popular Culture New forms of music, radio, cinema, and literature emerged. Television replaced movies and radio as the nation’s new and most popular form of mass media. The Prosperity of the 1950s

VS 4 The Problems of the 1950s Economy and Society Workers went on strike for higher wages. Congress would not pass Truman’s civil rights legislation. Eisenhower cut back on New Deal programs.

VS 5 Population Patterns Financially able people moved from crowded cities to new suburbs. Poverty increased in the inner city and the poor faced ongoing social problems. Crime increased among young people. Science, Technology, and Medicine Poor people in inner cities and rural areas had limited access to modern health care. The Problems of the 1950s

VS 6 Popular Culture Not everyone could afford to buy the new consumer goods available, such as televisions. African Americans and other minorities were, for the most part, not depicted on television. Many television programs promoted stereotypical gender roles. The Problems of the 1950s

VS-End

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Vocab1 closed shop an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

Vocab2 right-to-work law a law making it illegal to require employees to join a union

Vocab3 union shop a business that requires employees to join a union

Vocab4 dynamic conservatism policy of balancing economic conservatism with some activism

Vocab5 legislator one who makes laws as a member of a political, legislative body

Vocab6 abandon to withdraw protection, support, or help

Vocab7 baby boom a marked rise in birthrate, such as occurred in the United States following World War II

Vocab8 white-collar jobs jobs in fields not requiring work clothes or protective clothing, such as sales

Vocab9 blue-collar workers workers in the manual labor field, particularly those requiring protective clothing

Vocab10 multinational corporation large corporations with overseas investments

Vocab11 franchise the right or license to market a company’s goods or services in an area, such as a store of a chain operation

Vocab12 rock ‘n’ roll popular music usually played on electronically amplified instruments and characterized by a persistent, heavily accented beat, much repetition of simple phrases, and often country, folk, and blues elements

Vocab13 generation gap a cultural separation between parents and their children

Vocab14 phenomenon an exceptional, unusual, or abnormal person, thing, or occurrence

Vocab15 conform to change in a way that fits a standard or authority

Vocab16 poverty line a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor by the federal government

Vocab17 urban renewal government programs that attempt to eliminate poverty and revitalize urban areas

Vocab18 termination policy a government policy to bring Native Americans into mainstream society by withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities

Vocab19 juvenile delinquency antisocial or criminal behavior of young people

Vocab20 income a gain or recurrent benefit usually measured in money derived from capital or labor

Vocab21 entity something having independent, separate, or self-contained existence

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