Germination Sprouting of Seed (usually requires a little light – don’t burry too deep) Soften seed coat w/ water, digestive acids or fire Breakdown endosperm to supply sugars for cell respiration – requires oxygen Growth of new shoot & root

Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction Photon energy used to produce? Photon energy used to split ? Into ? Light Independent Reaction ATP energy combines the H+ with ? To form glucose

Pollination: Self vs Cross

Flower anatomy: essential vs nonessential pistil

Double Fertilization Pollen: 2 sperm Sperm + egg = Sperm + polar bodies =

Seed & Fruit formation

Ruby grapefruit, a fleshy fruit with a hard outer layer and soft inner layer of pericarp Tomato, a fleshy fruit with soft outer and inner layers of pericarp Nectarine, a fleshy fruit with a soft outer layer and hard inner layer (pit) of pericarp Milkweed, a dry fruit that splits open at maturity Walnut, a dry fruit that remains closed at maturity

Dandelion seeds dispersed by wind LE 30-9 Wings enable maple fruits to be easily carried by the wind. Seeds within berries and other edible fruits are often dispersed in animal feces. Dandelion seeds dispersed by wind The barbs of cockleburs facilitate seed dispersal by allowing these fruits to hitchhike on animals.

Roots Fibrous Tap

Root Function Root hairs Anchor, absorb nutrients/water, store food

Stem Function

Xylem & Phloem

Tree Age

Girdled Trees

Leaf Function

Leaf functions Capture photon energy & convert to ATP using chlorophyll Gas exchange using stomata Photosynthesis Transpiration

Transpiration: evaporation of water through stomata, cools plant Transpiration: evaporation of water through stomata, cools plant. W/O loss of water at leaf no water would be absorbed at root (due to capillary action)

Leaf Abscission                              Decrease in daylight decreases chlorophyll production. Cell death occurs. Prevents:

Carnivorous leaves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo

Vegetative Propagation tubers runners bulbs cuttings grafting

Phototropism: Growth toward light Growth hormone auxin moves to shady side of plant, increase growth on shady side http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zctM_TWg5Ik

Geotropism Growth toward gravity

Moving from Water to Land Problems Adaptations

Obtaining water - roots Obtaining gases - stomata Preventing water loss - cuticle

Support: vascular tissue – xylem phloem Reproduction sperm to egg?

Bryophytes Sporophyte Polytrichum commune, hairy cap moss Sporophyte LE 29-9d Polytrichum commune, hairy cap moss Bryophytes http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/moss.html Sporophyte Sporophyte Gametophyte

Seedless Vascular Ferns & Horsetails

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms: Flowering plants http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/angiosperm.html

Monocots and Dicots