DISCOVERY Textbook: S. Heim, The Resonant Interface: HCI Foundations for Interaction Design [Chapter 4] Addison-Wesley, 2007 March 2, 2011 CS 320 Interaction Design 1

1 What is Interaction Design? 2 Interaction Design Processes – review 3 Discovery Phase Outline 2 CS 320 March 2, 2011

 Goals of Interaction Design  Interdisciplinary Aspects  Major Trends 1 What is Interaction Design? 3 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Interaction Design (IxD) is about helping users make the best out of their experience with computer systems “Designing interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives” [ Price, Rogers, and Sharp, 2007] “Interaction design defines the structure and behavior of interactive systems. Interaction designers strive to create meaningful relationships between people and the products and services that they use, from computers to mobile devices to appliances and beyond” [Wikipedia 2011] The practice typically centers on “embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world” [M. McCullough, 2004] 4 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design and Related Disciplines 5 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design: Major Trends 6 Mobile applications, smart phones (small screens) Tablet PCs, multi-touch devices (touch screens) Virtual reality (immersive environments) Very large displays (big screens) CS 320 March 2, 2011

 Iterative Design  User-Centered Design  Interaction Design Models:  Basic Software Engineering Model (Waterfall SE)  Basic Human-Computer Interaction Model (HCI)  Discount Usability Engineering (DUE)  Framework: Discovery, Design and Evaluation (DDE) 2 Interaction Design Process - brief review - 7 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: Iterative Design Interaction design is an iterative process The knowledge path is constantly moving forward 8 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: User Centered Design User Centered Design (UCD) was pioneered by Donald Norman’s research laboratory at the University of California at San Diego The objective of UCD is to develop a design framework that enables interaction designers to build more usable systems 9 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: User Centered Design The main principles of user-centered design:  Early focus on users and tasks: directly study cognitive, behavioral, anthropomorphic, and attitudinal characteristics  Continuous evaluations to determine ease of learning and ease of use: observe, record and analyze the users’ reactions and performance to scenarios, manuals, simulations, and prototypes  Iterative design: when problems are found in user testing, fix them and carry out more tests 10 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: Waterfall Model Traditional SE model (waterfall) Emphasis is on systematic, step-wise development 11 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: Basic HCI Model Typical HCI model [Rogers et al, 2007]. Note that emphasis is on iteration, evaluation, and alternative versions. 12 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: DUE Model Nielsen suggested that the number of problems P that could be identified from a usability test with n users can be calculated according to the following equation: P = N [1-(1-L) n ] where: N = total number of usability problems in a design L = proportion of usability problems discovered with a single participant (31%) n = number of users 13 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: DDE Framework General DDE Framework [Heim 2007] 14 CS 320 March 2, 2011

 Discovery Phase = Collection + Interpretation  Goals of Collection & Interpretation  Collection  Exploring the work domain  Collection methods (direct/indirect)  Observation: etnographic studies, recording devices  Elicitation: interviews, focus groups, logs and notes, corporate documentation, questionnaires 3 Discovery Phase 15 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Interaction Design Process: Discovery General DDE Framework [Heim 2007] - Discovery 16 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Discovery Phase: Goals of Collection During the collection portion we need to formally identify:  The people who are involved with the work  The things they use to do the work  The processes that are involved in the work  The information required to do the work  The constraints imposed on the work  The inputs required by the work  The outputs created by the work CS 320 March 2,

Discovery Phase: Goals of Interpretation We will then interpret the information by:  Creating descriptions of the people who do the work  Describing the different goals involved in the work  Documenting the work step by step  Creating different stories about how the various aspects of the work are done  Creating charts and diagrams of the work flow  Tracing the different stories identified with the various people through the charts and diagrams CS 320 March 2,

Discovery: Exploring the Work Domain Design projects typically fall in three categories:  Incorporating new designs into existing workflows  Improving designs already in place  Designing new, innovative devices Work domains are extremely diverse:  Inventories, data-intensive systems  Websites, online applications  Medical applications  Military applications  Educational tools  Entertainment products, etc. CS 320 March 2,

Discovery: Exploring the Work Domain Who are the users? (not as obvious as we might think):  Those who interact directly with the product  Those who manage direct users  Those who provide input or receive output from the product  Those who make the purchasing decision  Those who use competitors’ products 20 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Discovery: Exploring the Work Domain Four types of stakeholders:  Primary: use the design directly  Secondary: either supply input or receive output from the design  Facilitators: develop or maintain the design  Indirect: affected by the use of design, but have no direct contact with it 21 CS 320 March 2, 2011

Discovery: Exploring the Work Domain The primary stakeholders should have the most impact on the eventual design A new system that is not designed to be integrated with the work that other people in the company do may cause needless disruptions All stakeholders should be considered during the design CS 320 March 2,

Exploring the Work Domain Understand the competition  Learn from other design solutions  Assess both the positive and negative aspects  Respect copyrighted material and intellectual property CS 320 March 2,

Collection: Methods of Collection Methods of Collection  Observation: Valuable information can be obtained by watching people perform their activities in the context of the work environment.  Observations can be made directly during the work day or indirectly using video and auditory recordings  Elicitation: Elicitation methods also involve direct and indirect methods of investigation, such as interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires CS 320 March 2,

Collection: Methods of Collection CS 320 March 2,

 Mobile computing [Mozilla Seabird] (Nathan)Mozilla Seabird  Direct manipulation [Future user interface][Library carousel]Future user interfaceLibrary carousel  Virtual reality / 3D Environments [CAVE 1993] [Museum 1] [Therapy] [Museum 2]CAVE 1993MuseumTherapyMuseum 2  Natural language interaction [Siri] [Articulate]SiriArticulate  Other cool videos [Sketch furniture by Front] [High-speed robot hand]Sketch furniture by FrontHigh-speed robot hand [Autodesk design] [MIT’s Nexi robot] [Microsoft sphere]Autodesk designMIT’s Nexi robotMicrosoft sphere [Interactive window] [Honda Asimo] [Corning - glass]Interactive windowHonda AsimoCorning - glass Video Selection CS 320 March 2,