Mitigation of primary PM emissions Overview of existing technical and non- technical emissions mitigation techniques M. Amann, J. Cofala, Z. Klimont International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Projected PM emissions in Europe EU-15EU-10Non-EU

Contribution to primary PM2.5 emissions “With climate measures” scenario, EU-15 [kt]

Main technical emission control options for PM 850 options considered in RAINS Removal efficiency Large stationary boilers Electrostatic precipitators (3 stages) % Fabric filters99.9 % Industrial boilers and furnaces Cyclones74 % Electrostatic precipitators % Fabric filters99.9 % Good housekeeping (oil boilers)30 % Residential and commercial sources New boilers and stoves (coal and biomass) % Fabric filters for larger boilers99.2 % Filters in households (kitchen)10 % Fireplaces - inserts (catalytic, non-catalytic)44 – 70 % Good housekeeping (oil boilers)30 % Ban on open burning of waste100 %

Main technical emission control options for PM continued Removal efficiency Industrial processes Cyclones39 – 85 % Electrostatic precipitators % Fabric filters % Wet scrubbers % Fugitive emissions - good practices40 – 80 % Flaring - good practices5 % Storage and handling - good practices36 – 40 % Mining - good practices50 % Spraying water at construction sites35 %

Main technical emission control options for PM continued Removal efficiency Transport Cars and light duty trucks: EURO 1 - EURO 5 standards35 – 99 % Heavy duty trucks: EURO 1 - EURO 5 standards36 – 98 % Street washing?? Non-road sector: Euro equivalents36 – 98 % Agriculture Free range poultry28 % Low till farming, alternative cereal harvesting39 % Feed modification38 % Hay silage54 % Ban on open burning of waste100 %

Scope for non-technical measures Local traffic restrictions –For PM2.5, need to reduce overall emissions, not only divert them –Consumer’s behavior difficult to model (with RAINS) Accelerated phase-out of solid fuels in home heating –E.g., removal of subsidies for local coal heating, or EU structural funds for replacement of heating systems General reduction of carbonaceous fuel consumption through a carbon tax –CAFE analysis: illustrative scenario with 90 €/t CO 2 carbon price (compared to 20 €/t CO 2 in baseline)

Scope for non-technical measures for PM2.5 Effect of a 90 €/to CO 2 carbon tax, according to PRIMES calculations With current legislation With maximum technically reductions

Sectoral emissions of PM2.5 CAFE calculations, EU-15

Sectoral emissions of PM2.5 CAFE calculations, EU-10

Sectoral emissions of PM2.5 RAINS estimates, Non-EU countries

Sectoral shares in PM2.5 emission reductions CAFE scenarios for EU-25, 2020 Case “A”Case “B”Case “C” Baseline emissions in 2020 (kt) Reduction from baseline (kt) Share of total reduction in EU-25 Reduction from baseline (kt) Share of total reduction in EU-25 Reduction from baseline (kt) Share of total reduction in EU-25 Conversion1531%3 4 Domestic %10441%12745% Industry1242%4 5 Power plants552210%229%228% Industrial processes %5120%5218% Waste464219%4216%4215% Other11232%31%3 Transport %2610%269% Total %255100%282100%

Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (1) Domestic sector (32% of CAFE Case A reduction): Dedusters (cyclones, fabric filters) on larger boilers in the commercial sector Accelerated introduction of new boilers in the residential sector (mainly for biomass) For the scenarios with higher ambition levels: non-catalytic inserts for fireplaces and stoves Transport (26% of CAFE Case A reduction): Additional measures for light duty diesel vehicles Additional measures for heavy duty diesel vehicles Low sulphur fuels for national sea traffic and national fishing, which also reduces the PM emissions

Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (2) Industrial processes (22% of CAFE Case A reduction): High efficiency dedusters to control stack emissions Good practice to control fugitive emissions (for all countries and all ambition levels) Waste (19% of CAFE Case A reduction): Good practice Ban on open burning of agricultural and household waste

Further cost-effective measures to reduce PM emissions in the CAFE scenarios for the EU-25 (3) Power plants (10% of CAFE Case A reduction): High efficiency dedusters for all existing and new boilers using solid fuels Good housekeeping measures for oil boilers Industrial combustion (2% of CAFE Case A reduction): High efficiency dedusters for all countries and all ambition levels Good housekeeping measures on oil boilers Conversion sector (1% of CAFE Case A reduction): High efficiency dedusters (electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters) for process sources in refineries and coking plants Good housekeeping for oil fired furnaces

SNAP 1: Combustion in energy industries SNAP 2: Non-industrial combustion plants SNAP 3: Combustion in manufacturing industry SNAP 4: Production processes SNAP 5: Extraction and distribution SNAP 7: Road transport SNAP 8: Other mobile sources and machinery SNAP 9: Waste treatment and disposal SNAP 10: Agriculture kilotons PM2.5 MTFRRoom for further improvement beyond CLECurrent legislation Potential for further measures in Non-EU countries + non-technical measures!

Conclusions A wide range of technical and non-technical measures to control primary PM2.5 emissions from all sectors is available Many of them are already applied (or will be applied due to existing legislation), especially in the EU Many of the “current legislation” measures of the EU are not yet considered in the EECCA countries, especially for industrial process emissions Further reductions of primary PM emissions are cost- effective means for improving ambient PM2.5, also in the EU-25 Large scope for non-technical measures to reduce PM emissions from small sources (solid fuel combustion), especially in EECCA countries

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