Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee August 3, 2011 Linda L. Horton Director, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences Battery Hub and R&D Integration 1

The Administration’s Energy Plan has two goals that rely heavily on improvements in the science and technology of energy storage:  Solar and wind providing over 25% of electricity consumed in the U.S. by 2025  1 million all-electric/plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road by 2015 Batteries and Energy Storage Cross-Cutting Challenge that Impacts Energy Technologies Grid stability and distributed power require innovative energy storage devices –Grid integration of intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar –Storage of large amounts of power –Delivery of significant power rapidly Enabling widespread utilization of hybrid and all-electric vehicles requires: –Substantially higher energy and power densities –Lower costs –Faster recharge times 2

Department of Energy Office of the Secretary Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy Office of the Under Secretary for Science Office of Science Basic Energy Sciences Office of the Under Secretary of Energy Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Vehicle Technologies Office of Electricity Office of Science/Basic Energy Sciences (BES): Fundamental research to understand, predict, and control matter and energy at electronic, atomic, and molecular levels. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E): High-risk, transformational research with potential for significant commercial impact. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies (VTP): Applied battery R&D to enable a large market penetration of electric vehicles. Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) Energy Storage: Energy storage technology R&D, integration, system demonstrations and deployment on the grid. Energy Storage R&D: Relevant Program Offices are Coordinating Research and Development Activities 3

DOE formed a team to focus on batteries for vehicles: –EERE, ARPA-E and BES coordination to strategically align DOE R&D –DOE seminar series to highlight activities of each organization Quadrennial Technology Review (Transportation) –Participation by BES and EERE US-EU workshop and research coordination on electrical energy storage for the grid –Joint organization and participation by BES, OE and ARPA-E Joint workshops/PI meetings and participation in reviews among all offices DOE’s Integration Activities for Basic and Applied R&D for Electrical Energy Storage 4

5 | Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyeere.energy.gov with MyBattery2020 Current Status PHEV-40EV-100EV-300 Battery Cost per Mile PHEV: 5¢/mi EV300: 26¢/mi 1 ¢/mile2 ¢/mile5 ¢/mile Battery Size12-24 kWh12 kWh24 kWh60 kWh Battery Cost$650/kWh$1,500 ($125/kWh) $3,000 ($125/kWh) $7,500 ($125/kWh) Charge Time1-8 hours4 minutes (10 miles/min) 10 minutes (10 miles/min) 30 minutes (10 miles/min) Additional goals –Battery life (150,000 miles): >3,750 cycles (PHEV-40), >1,500 cycles (EV-100), and >500 cycles (EV-300) –Energy density: 250 Wh/kg (PHEV, EV) –Power density: 2,000 W/kg (PHEV, EV) DOE Integrated Tech Team Over-Arching Battery Goal

Moving Battery Technology Forward 6

Energy Storage R&D: Funding In addition, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability has about $10M/yr for grid storage research and demonstrations. The chart does not include FY 2009 Recovery Act (ARRA) funding for advanced battery manufacturing ($1.5 B) or demonstrations ($400 M for transportation and $185 M for grid-scale). $65.8 M $92.6 M $94.4 M $, Million ~$191.4 M $85.4M ~$35M 7 Transportation Energy Storage : Estimate

8 | Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyeere.energy.gov Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Vehicle Technology Program Research Roadmap for 2015 & Beyond Graphite & High-Voltage cathodes Theoretical Energy: 560 Wh/kg, 1700 Wh/l Graphite & High-Voltage cathodes Theoretical Energy: 560 Wh/kg, 1700 Wh/l Silicon/Alloy & High-Voltage cathode Theoretical: 880 Wh/kg, 3700 Wh/l Silicon/Alloy & High-Voltage cathode Theoretical: 880 Wh/kg, 3700 Wh/l Lithium/High-Voltage cathode Theoretical Energy: 990 Wh/kg,3000 Wh/l Lithium/High-Voltage cathode Theoretical Energy: 990 Wh/kg,3000 Wh/l Lithium/Sulfur/air; Non lithium Theoretical Energy: 3000 Wh/kg, >3000 Wh/l Lithium/Sulfur/air; Non lithium Theoretical Energy: 3000 Wh/kg, >3000 Wh/l Energy Current Technology 2014 VTP PHEV Goal: $300/KWh Graphite & Ni, Mn, Fe cathodes Theoretical: 400 Wh/kg,1400 Wh/l Practical: 150 Wh/kg 250 Wh/l Graphite & Ni, Mn, Fe cathodes Theoretical: 400 Wh/kg,1400 Wh/l Practical: 150 Wh/kg 250 Wh/l VTP & ARPA-E EV Goal: $150/KWh ~200 Cells, ~$6,000 PHEV Battery ~100 Cells, ~$3,000 PHEV Battery ~300 Cells, ~$10,000 PHEV Battery Low-cost EV Battery Level of Effort 15% 55% 30%

System Energy (Wh/kg) System Cost ($/kWh) 100 Current 750 Specific Energy (Wh/L) < x 3x 1.5x BEEST RANGECOST Total funding: $52.8 million/3 years 9 Current R&D Focus: ARPA-E Batteries and Electrical Energy Storage for Transportation (BEEST) Program Primary Goals

ARPA-E: Gridscale Renewable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS)  Economics of Pumped Hydro, but Deployable Anywhere Low Cost for Grid: <$100/kWh Subsequently scalable to multi-MW class Ramp / Spinning Reserve Dispatch Time: 10 min to 1hr  Technology Agnostic – Any Stationary Energy Storage Media: Electrochemical: Battery, Flow Battery, Re-FC… Electromechanical: Flywheel, Isothermal CAES… Electrical: Superconducting Magnetic Storage  Two Categories: Advanced Systems Prototypes (20kW) ~ Technology Readiness Level 3 to 6 Proof-of-Concept Component ~ Technology Readiness Level 2 to 5  Connect Across Public and Private Sectors for Subsequent Support

National Labs, Universities, and Small Businesses conduct applied research to bridge gap between BES and technology demonstrations Large-scale storage cost, capacity, and cycle life requires devices beyond Li-ion Research projects focus on development and testing of prototypes of promising new technologies 11 OE: Development of Devices for Utility Scale Storage Creating new, low cost, high energy density materials and electrochemical couples– high risk, high reward efforts Solving existing technology materials concerns to optimize performance and improve consumer confidence Improving upon existing technologies to reduce cost and improve cycle life

12 OE: Utility Scale Storage on the Grid 3x2MW/6hr In 2009 Concept: Storage defers Upgrade Opens Possibility for Regional Islanding, Renewables First 1MW/6hr in 2007, 3 in Duke, First Energy, PG&E NaS, Flow batteries, Lead Carbon 3 ARRA Projects -- 53MW

13 OE: Deployment of Utility Scale Storage on the Grid Large Battery System (3 projects,53MW) Compressed Air (2 projects, 450MW) Frequency Regulation (20MW) Distributed Projects (5 projects,9MW) Technology Development (5 projects) 533MW - $185M + $585M Costshare! 16 ARRA Stimulus Funding for Storage Demonstration Projects A ten-fold Increase in Power Scale! Aside from pumped hydro, existing implementation of storage on grid is minimal Demonstrations required to prove/improve new technologies to reach cost effectiveness Storage systems for Dispatchable renewables Frequency regulation Ramping Load following

Six of the Energy Frontier Research Centers that have a major focus on energy storage Core research portfolio is growing –Single investigator –Small Group Research competition in FY 2009 –Early Career Proposals –Grant program through annual FOA Core program emphasizes fundamental research to understand interface phenomena, new characterization techniques, etc. Basic Energy Sciences Research 14 Jian Yu Huang, et al., Science 330, 1515 (2010) Al 2 O 3 LiCoO 2 LiPON Si V N. Balke et al, Nano Letters, 2010

Large Team, multidisciplinary Hub research will provide the transformational scientific advances that will enable revolutionary battery technologies –Requires fundamental science and complements ongoing research and development activities – will serve as a focus for other DOE research activities –Will lay the groundwork for commercialization and demonstration projects Will link fundamental science to applied research, resulting in rapid transfer of advances –Different electrochemical energy storage technologies have similar underlying science issues –Will strengthen the links from basic science all the way to industrial development –High potential for improvements to current technologies and rapid development of new technologies Why a Hub-level Effort in Electrical Energy Storage?

16 Batteries and Energy Storage Hub Transform the Grid and Electrify Transportation 16  Improved energy storage is critical for the widespread use of intermittent renewable energy, electric vehicles, and efficient and reliable smart electric grid technologies.  The Hub, proposed for FY 2012, will develop electrochemical energy storage systems that safely approach theoretical energy and power densities with very high cycle life.  These are systemic challenges requiring new materials, systems, and knowledge.  The Hub will address key fundamental questions in energy storage including:  Can we approach theoretical energy density?  Can we safely increase the rate of energy utilization?  Can we create a reversible system with minimal energy loss?  The Hub will link fundamental science, technology, and end-users, and it will collaborate with relevant Energy Frontier Research Centers, ARPA-E and EERE

Move science and technology for electrochemical energy storage forward at a rapid pace to enable transformative developments for reliable energy supply and transportation systems Provide a strong linkage between fundamental science, applied technology and end-use communities to create long- and short-term innovations that would not otherwise be achieved Where Can a Battery and Energy Storage Hub Take Us? Batteries and Energy Storage Hub: A research framework for scientific discovery and transformational technologies 17