The Development of the English Colonies

Four Colonial Regions  New England  Middle  Southern  Backcountry

The New England Region  Massachusetts  Vermont  New Hampshire  Connecticut  Rhode Island

The Voyage of the Mayflower  In the early 1600s, a religious group called the Separatists called for a break with the Church of England  The Pilgrims were a Separatist group who received harsh treatment under the reign of King James  They first left England for Holland

The Voyage of the Mayflower  Pilgrims received a charter from the Virginia Company to settle in North America  The Mayflower landed at Plymouth in November  Plymouth was outside of the Virginia Company’s boundaries so the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact.  Helped establish the idea of self-government and majority rule

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth Half the group was dead by spring…..why?

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth  Native American named Squanto taught them how to plant, hunt, and fish  Squanto acted as translator between Pilgrims and groups such as the Wampanoag, Pequot, and the Narragansett  Traded with Native Americans and shipped lumber back to England for profit  Celebrated the first Thanksgiving sometime in the fall of 1621 with the Native Americans

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay  Puritans left England between 1630 and 1640 to escape bad treatment by King James I  Didn’t want to break from Church of England – wanted to reform, or “purify”, its practices  They left England by the 1000s. Became known as the Great Migration.

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay  Received a royal charter to settle in New England and arrived in  Arrived with 11 well- supplied ships and 1000 passengers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  Colonial governor John Winthrop stated the new colony would be a commonwealth, a community in which people work together for the good of the whole.

The New England Way Meetinghouse Church Town meetings Only male church members could vote or hold office Elected representatives to lawmaking body called General Court EVERYONE HAD to attend church “New England Way” describes both Puritan beliefs and society duty godliness hard work honest Work ethic helped New England colonies grow rapidly All children required to learn to read by law so they could read the Bible

Connecticut Is Formed  In 1636, Thomas Hooker moved his congregation to the Connecticut Valley  Wrote and adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639  Extended voting rights to non-church members and limited the power of the governor

New Hampshire  First village founded at Portsmouth in 1623  John Wheelwright established the town of Exeter in 1638  Town founders drew up the Exeter Compact; modeled after the Mayflower Compact

Challenges to Puritan Leaders Roger Williams  He founded the Baptist church and the colony of Rhode Island  He opposed forced church attendance and the taking of Native American land Anne Hutchinson  Challenged church authority by conducting discussions in her home  Believed a person could worship without the help of a church, minister, or Bible  Fled to Rhode Island in 1638

Challenges to Puritan Leaders  Quakers believed each person could know God through an “inner light” without the help of a minister or Bible.  Also believed in fair treatment of Native Americans  Quakers were whipped, imprisoned, and hanged.

The Towns of New England  As Puritan congregations grew, so did the towns surrounding the churches  Land divided up among members of congregations  Tradespeople, like blacksmiths and carpenters, set up shops to meet the needs of the townspeople

The Farms of New England  Farming in New England was not a common way of life for most  Practiced subsistence farming, which is to grow enough for your family but not enough to make a living off of  Why do you think New Englanders didn’t grow large cash crops?

The Farms of New England  Short growing season  Cooler average spring and fall temperatures  Soil is very rocky and sandy  Crops crave rich, moist soil

Cities of New England

Harvesting the Sea  The forests abundant timber and cities on the coast made shipbuilding a main source of income  The Atlantic Ocean was described as “…a great pasture where our children’s grandchildren will go for bread!”  Fishing  Whaling  Trade

Triangular Trade

Effects of New England Growth  King Phillip’s War  Navigation Acts  Changes in Puritan Societies  Salem Witchcraft Trials

King Phillip’s War  Differences in ideas of land ownership between Europeans and colonists  As towns and settlements grew, European encroachment of Native American land led to conflict  King Phillip’s War, from 1675 – 1676, occurred between the Wamponoag and the Puritans  The Wamponoag suffered greatly:  Casualties  Sold into slavery in the West Indies  Forced to become laborers for English towns

Navigation Acts of 1651  Designed to ensure England received part of New England’s trading profits  1. All shipping had to be done in English ships or ships made in English colonies.  2. Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England or its colonies.  3. European imports to the colonies had to pass through English ports.  4. Any colonial good not shipped to England would be taxed.  To avoid paying taxes, many goods were traded illegally, or smuggled.

Changes in Puritan Society  Economic success led many to care less about religion  Increasing competition from other religious groups  Massachusetts received a new royal charter in 1691 that granted the right to vote based on land ownership – not church attendance

The Salem Witchcraft Trials