Presented to : Dr. Zafar Iqbal By: Emanuel Anthony NCBA & E WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? 1

In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word plagiarius (literally kidnapper), to denote someone stealing someone else's work, was pioneered by Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses." This use of the word was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson, to describe as a plagiary someone guilty of literary theft. The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD “PLAGIARISM” 2

According to the Merriam-Webster On-Line Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means 1.to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own 2.to use (another's production) without crediting the source 3.to commit literary theft: to present as new and original, an idea or product, derived from an existing source. DEFINITION 3 1

Stanford sees plagiarism as “use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form” DEFINITION 4 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 2

The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own is plagiarism. ( DEFINITION 5 ( 3

1. Plagiarism can occur on any academic assignment, not just papers. 2. Plagiarism is not limited to copying other peoples’ work, but includes failing to cite your sources properly or revising others’ work to make it sound like your own. 3. If you don’t use quotation marks correctly, you are plagiarizing! If you don’t use footnotes correctly, you are plagiarizing! If you copy someone else’s work and try to mask it by changing words or sentences around, you are plagiarizing! SO WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? 6

According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. In the United States and many other countries, the expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some media (such as a book or a computer file). BUT CAN WORDS AND IDEAS REALLY BE STOLEN? DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 7

1.turning in someone else’s work as your own 2.copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit 3.failing to put a quotation in quotation marks 4.giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation 5.changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit 6.copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not. ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 8

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM 9 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

#1. CLONE Submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own #2. CTRL-C Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations #3. FIND - REPLACE Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source #4. REMIX Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together TYPES OF PLAGIARISM 10 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

#5. RECYCLE Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work without citation #6. HYBRID Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation #7. MASHUP Mixes copied material from multiple sources # ERROR Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources TYPES OF PLAGIARISM 11 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

#9. AGGREGATOR Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work #10. RE-TWEET Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording and/or structure TYPES OF PLAGIARISM 12 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

Reading the following line, can you guess the meaning of the term self- plagiarism. "Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft.“ David B. Resnik SELF-PLAGIARISM 13

Self-plagiarism (also known as "recycling fraud") is the reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing the original work. It is common for university researchers to rephrase and republish their own work, tailoring it for different academic journals and newspaper articles, to disseminate their work to the widest possible interested public. One of the functions of the process of peer review in academic writing is to prevent this type of "recycling". SELF-PLAGIARISM 14 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

The concept of "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as self-contradictory. Stephanie J. Bird argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' material. Bird identifies that in an educational context, "self-plagiarism" refers to the case of a student who resubmits "the same essay for credit in two different courses." CRITICISM ON SELF-PLAGIARISM 15

With the help of: HEC (Higher Education Commission ) HOW PAKISTAN COMBATS PLAGIARISM? INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES.ASPX 16

HEC's goal is to combat plagiarism effectively in an academic environment in all institutions of Pakistan while ensuring that the students and academicians know that stealing someone’s intellectual property is unethical and can lead to serious consequences. For this, IT division has sought for technological solution and acquired an online software tool to assist in identifying the plagiarized material from documents. The software tool, iThenticate and Turnitin are amongst the leading software used globally for such purposes. The facility is provided to all higher education institutions across the country and is in use since HEC'S PLAGIARISM ERADICATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES.ASPX 17

This web based service is available at and 1000 licenses for each of the universities/ institutes have been acquired and handed over to teaching faculty, post graduate students and researchers in order to address the issue at the grass root level. A total of one hundred and twenty seven (127) HEIs have been provided with this facility. At present there are 7170 instructors registered with this acquired services, whereas the number of students are more than 15,000. During past five (05) years, nearly 150,000 articles and/ or documents have been submitted to generate the Originality Report. HEC'S PLAGIARISM ERADICATION SYSTEM 18 INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES.ASPX

1.Educators can check students' work for improper citation. 2.helps instructors in saving time spent on assessing written work and marking it accordingly. HOW DO THESE SOFTWARE HELP? INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES.ASPX 19

In order to get benefit from HEC Plagiarism Prevention Service, online service is available at: HOW TO BENEFIT FROM HEC PLAGIARISM PREVENTION SERVICE? INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVES.ASPX 20

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: 1.information about the author 2.the title of the work 3.the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source 4.the date your copy was published 5.the page numbers of the material you are borrowing WHAT IS CITATION? 21 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost always require citation: 1.whenever you use quotes 2.whenever you paraphrase 3.whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed 4.whenever you make specific reference to the work of another 5.whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas. WHEN DO I NEED TO CITE? DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 22

In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution. Generally, the punishment increases as a person enters higher institutions of learning. For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., submitting a copied piece of writing as original work), suspension or expulsion is likely. SANCTIONS FOR STUDENT PLAGIARISM DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 23

ATTRIBUTION The acknowledgement that something came from another source. The following sentence properly attributes an idea to its original author: Jack Bauer, in his article "Twenty-Four Reasons not to Plagiarize," maintains that cases of plagiarists being expelled by academic institutions have risen dramatically in recent years due to an increasing awareness on the part of educators. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM? DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY A list of sources used in preparing a work. CITATION A short, formal indication of the source of information or quoted material. ENDNOTES Notes at the end of a paper acknowledging sources and providing additional references or information. FOOTNOTES Notes at the bottom of a paper acknowledging sources or providing additional references or information. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM? 25 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

QUOTATION Quote Your Sources Correctly! Some other ways to avoid plagiarism are: 1. Paraphrase Your Sources! 2. Proofread! 3. Ask a Librarian or Your Professor! 4. Use the Library’s Online Resources and Tutorials! 5. Commit Yourself to Not Plagiarizing! HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM? 26 DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS.

WRITING, EDITING, CITATION 1.Purdue Online Writing LabPurdue Online Writing Lab 2.University of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison SOME HELPFUL WEBSITES DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 27

1.The presentation of the work of another person as one’s own or without proper acknowledgement is said to be PLAGIARISM. 2.Plagiarism is unethical and can lead to serious consequences. 3.People who are found guilty of this offence are punished duly. 4.Pakistan combats plagiarism with the help of HEC. 5.The best way to stop Plagiarism is to “Commit yourself to NOT Plagiarizing!” THANK YOU CONCLUSION DOCUMENT PROVIDED BY TURNITIN.COM AND RESEARCH RESOURCES. TURNITIN ALLOWS FREE DISTRIBUTION AND NON-PROFIT USE OF THIS DOCUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS. 28