Study Skills Workshop Elena Pierazzo Richard Gardner 5 October

Programme for the day 10-11: How to cite, how to avoid plagiarism (EP) 11-12: Harvard Referencing System (RG) 12-13:30: lunch break 13:30-14:30: Managing bibliography and citation online: Introduction to Zotero and use of the King’s College London Zotero style sheet (RG) 14:30-16: How to write an essay, how to write a project report 2

Citing Why it is so important Scientific Method Academic writing 3

Scholarly Method: history aka The Enlightenment University First Free Universities in C18 Germany o "free as in speech" o independent from Church and goverment Established need for rational argument o No ex cathedra pronouncements o Reproducible evidence and method o Citation of previous scholarship

Asynchronous Collaboration Scholar A does research o 20 years later, writes book, includes citations o book published 30 years later, Scholar B reads book o follows citations o reproduces experimental methodology o disagrees with results o new research o 20 years later, writes new book o includes Scholar A among citations This is collaboration o even if they never meet

Scholarly Method: recap Experimental Physics o cite earlier theory and experiments o credit all collaborators o document experimental method reproducibly Theoretical Literary Criticism o cite earlier critics (to show insane) o credit all proponents of your theory o document argumentation painstakingly o footnote everything

Purpose of reading relevant literature Identify work already done (and in progress) Prevents duplication Avoid pitfalls and errors of earlier research –Popper: all success built on failure Help design methodology Find gaps in existing research Find your own “original” point of view 7

What’s wrong with this? “The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) developed a system to control culture in order to erase ethnic background and produces citizens with a common identifications, including a common language.” 8

What’s wrong with this? “According to historians, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) developed a system to control culture in order to erase ethnic background and produces citizens with a common identifications, including a common language.” 9

“According to White 2009 and earlier research reported by him, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) developed a system to control culture in order to erase ethnic background and produces citizens with a common identifications, including a common language (pp ).” 10

PLAGIARISM A serious offence An insidious problem Source for this section: Department of War Studies, King’s College London

PLAGIARISM ‘The taking and using as one’s own of the thoughts, writing or inventions of another’ (Oxford English Dictionary)

King’s Regulations Plagiarism is the taking of another person’s thoughts, words, results, judgements, ideas, images etc., and presenting them as your own. All work submitted as part of the requirements for any examination or assessment of the College must be expressed in the student’s own words and incorporate their own ideas and judgments. Direct quotations from the published or unpublished work of others, including that of other students, must always be identified as such by being placed inside quotation marks with a full reference to the source provided in the proper form. 13

Paraphrasing – using other words to express another person’s ideas or judgments – must also be acknowledged and referenced in the appropriate manner. In the same way, the authors of images and audiovisual presentations must be acknowledged. 14

Examples of plagiarism include but are not limited to: Copying ~ a student should not copy someone else’s work or thoughts and pass this off as their own, even if s/he has their permission; Copying ~ a student should not insert the writing or thoughts of others into their written work without the correct referencing; Copy and paste ~ a student may not copy text verbatim and pass this off as their own, without using quotation marks and citing the original source; Paraphrasing ~ avoid closely paraphrasing someone else’s work (e.g. by changing the order of the words slightly); either quote the work directly using quotation marks or put the ideas completely in your own words. Remember either way you must acknowledge the source using the appropriate citation conventions Self-plagiarism ~ when students submit the same piece of work (or a significant part thereof) for different assessments – students can only be given credit once for any given piece of work; Essay banks ~ when students submit an assessment that has been written by a third party or obtained from a professional writing ‘service’. 15

Levels of Plagiarism Minor plagiarism: plagiarism is less than 20% than the total assignment Major plagiarism: second offence of a minor plagiarism; plagiarism is more than 20% of the total assignment 16

Plagiarism risks 17

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.

YOUR ESSAY Modern weapons are steadily pushing war under the carpet into environments where those weapons do not work.

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Modern weapons are steadily pushing war under the carpet into environments where those weapons do not work. (Van Creveld, 1991:32)

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Van Creveld sees Modern weapons as steadily pushing war under the carpet into environments where the weapons do not work. (Van Creveld, 1991:32)

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Because today’s weapons systems are so large, powerful, blundering and costly, war is becoming focused on places like cities where the weapons are ineffective.

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Van Creveld sees modern weapons as so costly and blundering that they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet’. (Van Creveld, 1991:32)

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Van Creveld sees modern weapons technology as self-defeating. In his words: So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet…into environments where those weapons do not work. (Van Creveld, 1991:32)

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR ESSAY Van Creveld sees modern weapons technology as self-defeating, because it encourages combatants to focus their efforts in places like cities where large weapons are ineffective. (1991:32)

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Use multiple sources Be careful in note taking

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR NOTES Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet into environments where they don’t work.

YOUR NOTES Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet into environments where they don’t work. YOUR ESSAY Modern weapons are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet into environments where the weapons do not work.

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR NOTES Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet into environments where they don’t work. YOUR ESSAY Modern weapons are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet into environments where the weapons do not work.

SOURCE BOOK So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into environments where those weapons do not work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents. YOUR NOTES Modern weapons are so costly and blundering that they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet...into environments where those weapons do not work’. (p.32)

YOUR ESSAY Van Creveld sees modern weapons as so costly and blundering that they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet’. (1991:32) YOUR NOTES Modern weapons are so costly and blundering that they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet…into environments where those weapons do not work’. (p.32)

TurnitinUK Built in within KEATS Applied automatically to all your submissions Check against plagiarism on a gigantic database of articles, books and all essays and dissertations ever submitted via TurnitinUK 32

File formats Microsoft Word™ (DOC and DOCX) Corel WordPerfect® HTML Adobe PostScript® Plain text (TXT) Rich Text Format (RTF) Portable Document Format (PDF) OpenOffice (ODT) The file size may not exceed 20 MB. 33

Originality Report 34

Other Ethical issues If anything you do involves people, you need approval from ethics committee E.g.: interviews, surveys, user testing, focus groups s/sshl/lowrisk.htmlhttp:// s/sshl/lowrisk.html Give evidence of your interviews: “The curator of the museum told me…” IS NOT evidence unless you put the transcription of the interview in appendix 35