The Nature of Matter

Sunshine Standards and GLE’s Benchmark SC.A.1.2.2: The student knows that common materials (e.g., water) can be changed from one state to another by heating and cooling. Grade Level Expectations –Third: The student understands that physical changes in the states of matter can be produced by heating and cooling. –Fourth: The student understands that heating or cooling of matter will speed up or slow down, respectively, the motion of small particles within the matter and that this is what causes a phase change. –Fifth: The student knows that matter is conserved during heating and cooling.

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Solids are usually hard because their molecules have been packed together. The closer the molecules are, the harder the solid is. Solids hold their own shape. Liquids will fill up the shape of a container. Water is a liquid. Your blood is a liquid. Liquids are an in- between state of matter. They can be found in between the solid and gas states. Gases can fill a container of any size or shape. gases are really spread out and the atoms and molecules are full of energy. They are bouncing around constantly. Plasmas are made up of free electrons and ions of the element. You see plasma when you look at stars. Stars are big balls of gases at really high temperatures.

Plasma is not a gas, liquid, or solid - it is the fourth state of matter. Plasma often behaves like a gas, except that it conducts electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. On an astronomical scale, plasma is common. The Sun is composed of plasma, fire is plasma, fluorescent and neon lights contain plasma. At least 85% of the universe is made up of plasma.

Physical changes between the states of matter can be produced by heating and cooling.

Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquidMelting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solidFreezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes. Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquidCondensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gasSublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

Let’s take a closer look with water. When water is frozen it is ice, a solid. (0°C) When ice is melting, it is heating up. Melted ice is a liquid. Once the ice has melted you have liquid water. (1-99°C) If you heat the water more it becomes steam, a gas. (0°C) TEMPERATURE LOW HIGH

Lab 1: Melting Crayon –A crayon is melted and the results are observed –This activity may be conducted in various ways Crayon shavings can be melted using aluminum foil and a tea light A whole crayon can be melted using a pan and a Bunsen burner or a portable electric burner –By applying heat, the crayon goes from a solid to a liquid. Once the heat is removed or cooling is applied it returns to its original state, but not to its original shape.

Lab 2: Identify that state of matter! –Students must identify the state of matter in the mystery object –This activity could also be done in various ways Shaving cream Cornstarch and water

Lab 3: The Plasma Experiment –The students learn about plasma and experiment with the plasma globe –Materials Plasma Globe Fluorescent bulb

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Sometimes vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

As more heat is applied, the atoms start to vibrate. The vibration increases as more heat is added to the system. Vibration turns into free movement as the heat gets higher and higher. When more heat is applied, the gas may be ionized: an electron will gain enough energy to escape its atom. This atom is left one electron short and now has a net positive charge; now it is called an ion. In a sufficiently heated gas, ionization happens many times, creating clouds of free electrons and ions; however, not all the atoms are necessarily ionized, and some may remain completely intact with no net charge. This ionized gas mixture, consisting of ions, electrons, and neutral atoms, is called plasma.

Nothing! It just changes states. The amount of matter does not change as a substance is heated or cooled. This is called the conservation of matter. Matter is conserved or saved. It doesn’t disappear. Let’s think back to our past experiments. Did the crayon disappear after it was melted and cooled?

Lab 4: Conservation of Matter –Students will learn that matter is conserved as it goes through physical changes. Materials Mass balance Styrofoam plate Ice cube

References and Links anim/anim0402.htm (animations) wf (flash) mperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.htmlhttp://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTe mperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html e.shtml