Ch. 9 Motivation and Emotion

Motive: Specific need, desire, or want, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-oriented behavior. Emotion: Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior.

1.Perspectives on Motivation A.Instincts - Inborn, goal-directed behavior B.Drive-Reduction Theory Behavior motivated to reduce arousal C.Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance Incentives - objects which motivate behavior

D.Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Internal motivation (job satisfaction) Extrinsic Motivated by reward or to avoid punishment

2.Hunger and Thirst A.Biological Factors Hunger Regulated by two regions in hypothalamus Changes in glucose level signal need for food Receptors in stomach and a hormone released by small intestine also signal brain Weight loss Set Point Metabolism, intake, storage linked to defend weight

B.Cultural and Environmental Factors Responses to food are governed by learning and social conditioning Culture also influences what we choose to eat and how much Hunger Summary - Movie

C.Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Self starvation Bulimia Binge then purge D.Thirst Thirst parallels hunger in that both internal and external cues can trigger the thirst drive

3.Sex A.Biological Factors Testosterone Important in both men and women in early development Pheromones Scents secreted which can promote sexual readiness B.Cultural and Environmental Factors Human sexual motivation is much more dependent on experience and learning than on biology Men-visual; women-emotional

C.Sexual orientation Direction of an individual’s sexual interest Heterosexual Attracted to other gender Homosexual Attracted to same gender Bisexual Attracted to both genders

4.Other Motives A.Exploration and Curiosity B.Manipulation and Contact C.Aggression Intent Aggression and Culture Gender and Aggression

D.Achievement Achievement motive - excel E.Affiliation Affiliation motive - need to be with others F.A Hierarchy of Motives Bodily needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, self- actualization Motivation Movie

Abraham Maslow suggested that the various motives—learned and unlearned, social and primary drives—can be arranged in a hierarchy

5.Emotions A.Basic Emotions Plutchik 8 basic categories but may be just English speaking B.Theories of Emotion James-Lange theory Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that we interpret as emotions Cannon-Bard theory Simultaneously processing emotions and bodily responses Cognitive theory Environment gives us clues that help us interpret stimulus

According to the James-Lange theory, environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes in our bodies and emotions then arise from those physical changes. The Cannon-Bard theory states that the processing of emotions and bodily responses occurs simultaneously rather than one after the other. The cognitive theory of emotion holds that the situation that we are in when we are aroused—the overall environment— gives us clues that help us interpret this general state of arousal. According to recent research, facial expression may influence emotions apart from cognition.

Robert Plutchik's classification system for emotions uses a "circle" to position eight basic categories of emotions that motivate various kinds of adaptive behavior. However, not all cultures view or categorize emotions this way; some do not even have a word for emotion. Others describe feelings by their physical sensations.

6.Communication of Emotion A.Voice Quality B.Facial Expression C.Body Language The way we move communicates information D.Personal Space Distance people maintain between themselves and others E.Explicit Acts For example, slamming doors

7.Gender, Culture and Emotion A.Gender and Emotion Anger / men outward, women inward Women higher rate of depression B.Culture and Emotion Culture and the facial expression of emotion Display rules

The End