FEEDBACK & SKILL LEARNING (Chapter 3, Pages 52 – 54)

What is Feedback? All the information an athlete receives about the performance of a skill, either during the performance or at its completion (Amezdroz et al, 2010).

Types of Feedback Feedback is integral to the learning process and includes Intrinsic Feedback (which is divided into two main categories Extrinsic Feedback Knowledge of results Knowledge of performance (which involves two types of reinforcement) Motivating Feedback Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

Types of feedback – Intrinsic Feedback Is information that comes from the senses both during and after a movement pattern (Amezdroz et al, 2010). The information primary comes from the senses within the muscles, joints and from the movement itself. This information sent from within the body is called proprioception. The proprioception of a movement immediately indicates the error. Example: When a shuttle is swung at hard, you may think it is moving quicker than it actually is, the resulting movement is over-exaggeration

Types of feedback – Extrinsic Feedback Is feedback that is received at the completion of a movement (Amezdroz et al, 2010). It is also called augmented feedback. It is feedback that is received from an external source such as a teacher , coach or video but usually come in the form of verbal feedback. It is divided into Knowledge of results and Knowledge of performance

Types of feedback – Extrinsic Feedback Knowledge of results Knowledge of performance Is a form of extrinsic feedback that indicates the outcome of the performance rather than the movements that brought about the performance (Amezdroz et al, 2010). Received from an external source such as a teacher , coach or video. Usually comes in the form of verbal feedback. Information indicates the degree of success of the movement. Example: Shuttle landed out; shuttle hit net Is a form of extrinsic feedback that indicates the technical correctness or quality of the movement (Amezdroz et al, 2010). Received from an external source such as a teacher , coach or video Coaches use this type more frequently. Example: racquet face too open; shuttle contact was late; lunge stride too long/short

Types of feedback – Motivating Feedback Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Is an increase in the future frequency of a behaviour due to the addition of a stimulus immediately following a response (Amezdroz et al, 2010). One of the major aims of feedback. Positive reinforcement immediately after an athlete has performed will encourage the athlete to repeat the performance. Advantage: consistent and beneficial changes in behaviour. Examples: Well played; good shot Is an increase in the future frequency of a behaviour when the consequence is the removal of an aversive stimulus (Amezdroz et al, 2010). A negative reinforcer is removed Examples: Practicing badminton to get a higher grade (low grade is the negative reinforcer) Hitting a massive smash to avoid losing the point