1.Thriving cities 2.Wealthy merchant class (Medici) 3.Classical heritage of Greece and Rome Objective 25: Describe the reason the Renaissance began in Italy.

Terms of the Renaissance Renaissance: means, re-birth or birth of the modern world. Humanism: Study of classical texts that focuses on human potential and achievement. Vernacular: One’s native language. Secular: Worldly and concerned with the here and now (separate from the church). Objective 26: Define the terms Renaissance, Humanism, Vernacular, and Secular.

Characteristics 1.Realism and Expression 2.Linear Perspective 3.Classicalism 4.Geometrical Arrangement of Figures 5.Light and Shadowing

Person: Johannes Gutenberg Work: Invented the Printing Press Other Information: Gutenberg Bible finished in 1455 (first full sized book printed with movable type). 1.What did the printing press do for the world in the 16 th Century? 2.What does the printing press remind you of in OUR world?

Person: Leonardo da Vinci Work: Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Virtruvian Man Other Information: the Renaissance man

Person: Desiderius Erasmus Work: Praise of Folly Other Information: Humanist Indulgence: “Now for a long time popes, cardinals, and bishops have eagerly sought to rival and even to surpass the establishment of princes.” (money, money, money) Criticizing Society: “Doctors…in that line of business the more ignorant, rash, and brainless he is, the more he is esteemed.” Asleep: “The mind of man is far more attracted by what is fictitious, than by what is true…consider sermons in churches…if something serious is being spoken, all are asleep nodding their heads appearing thoroughly bored. But if the bawler (blah-blah-ing orator) begins to relate some old yarn (story)...everyone sits up and drinks it in eagerly.”

Person: Thomas More Work: Utopia Other Information: Humanist

Person: Machiavelli Work: The Prince

Person: Medici Family Work: Merchant Family who purchased a lot of art. Other Information: patrons of the arts

Person: Michelangelo Work: Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Sculpture of David, and St. Peter’s Basilica Other Information: Painter, Sculptor, architect

Person: Raphael Work: School of Athens

Person: Shakespeare Work: Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet Other Information: Playwright and Poet from England

Renaissance Art Lifelike: – Looked realistic – Artists studied the body Perspective: – Had depth – 3D Emotion: – Revealed artist’s feeling Sometimes Secular – Sometimes non-religious

Roman Catholic Church For centuries the Roman Catholic Church had little competition. The church’s influence over peoples lives began to weaken because the people began to criticized the Church for some of its practices. – Pope possessed luxury goods – Priests were immoral

Roman Catholic Church, Cont’d Reformers urged the church to change its ways – Example: Humanists (Erasmus and Thomas More)

Role of the Printing Press Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. The Bible was now printed in common languages (not just Latin) English German French These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.

Luther Challenges the Church In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther protested the actions of a Church official. Luther’s main complaint was that the Church officials were selling indulgences Indulgence: by paying money to the Church, people thought they could achieve salvation (get to heaven)

Beginning of the Reformation Luther posted his 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences and other actions Reformation: a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.

Martin Luther’s Views and Actions Views: Salvation (getting to heaven) by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

What effects did Luther’s protest have? The Lutheran Church started around 1522 – Luther’s ideas were rejected by the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor. – Luther’s ideas were accepted by many

Protestants 1529, German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas. Princes who supported Luther’s ideas protested against this agreement This is where we get the term “Protestant,” meaning Christians who belonged to non- Catholic churches

John Wycliffe and John Huss Views: – Called for Church reform – Bible had more authority than the Church leaders – Denied the Pope had right to worldly power Actions: – Wycliffe: first to translate the Bible into a vernacular language – Huss: preached in the vernacular (language of the people) not in Latin!

Martin Luther Views: – Salvation by Faith Alone – Bible as the ultimate authority – Humans equal before God Actions: – 95 Theses – Birth of the Protestant Church

John Calvin Views: – Predestination – Faith revealed by living a righteous life Actions: – Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Henry VIII Views: – Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome Actions: – Divorced – Broke with Rome – Headed the National Church of England

Queen Elizabeth I Views: – Tolerance for others Actions: – Anglican Church becomes national church in British Isles – Expansion and colonialism – Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

The Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola Wrote a book of daily devotions. – Spiritual Exercises Formed a group of followers. – Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Jesuits (the Society of Jesus) Three main goals 1.Build schools based on classics and theology. 2.Convert non-Christians to Catholicism. – Sent out missionaries 3.Stop Protestantism from spreading. – Stopped it from spreading in parts of Germany and Poland.

Pope Paul III 1.Had the cardinals investigate indulgences. 2.Approved of the Jesuits. 3.Inquisition to punish heresy. 4.Council of Trent

Council of Trent Declared the following. Church interpretation of the Bible was final. Christians need faith and good works for salvation. The Bible and the Church were equally powerful authorities. Indulgences were valid, but false ones were banned.