Bacteria Chapter

Three Domains of Life Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and eubacteria Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and eubacteria Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitatsArchaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animalsEukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals 2

Characteristics of Bacteria 3

Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Found just about everywhere Strong cell walls w/ peptidoglycan Some have a secondary cell wall

Eubacteria 5

Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in extreme and hostile environments Has ribosomal proteins similar to eukaryotic cells Cell walls lack peptidoglycans

Archaebacteria 7

Methanogens Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomachBreak down cellulose in a cow’s stomach Produce marsh (methane) gasProduce marsh (methane) gas 8

Extreme Halophiles Live in very salty waterLive in very salty water Use salt to generate ATP (energy)Use salt to generate ATP (energy) Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitantsDead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants 9

Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles Live in extremely hot environmentsLive in extremely hot environments Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acidFound in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid 10

Clicker Question! Have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles: A: Prokaryotes B: Eukaryotes C: Nokaryotes

Eubacteria vs Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells 13

Earliest Prokaryotes Most numerousMost numerous organisms on Earth bacteriaInclude all bacteria Earliest fossils dateEarliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old 14

What domain can be found in harsh environments like: Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water? A: Bacteria B: Archaea C: Eukarea 15

Clicker Question! Some eubacteria gain energy from the sun (cyanobacteria), but the rest have to gain energy by consuming other organisms. These are called: A. Homotrophs B. Heteroeaters C. Heterotrophs D. Homoconsumers

Bacterial Structure MicroscopicMicroscopic Do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organellesDo not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Have ribosomesHave ribosomes Single, circular chromosomeSingle, circular chromosome Have plasmidsHave plasmids UnicellularUnicellular 17 PLASMIDS

18 Bacterial Cell

Sticky Bacterial Capsule 19 Prevents drying out, allows it to attach to other surfaces, prevents it from being engulfed, & shelters it from antibiotics

Pili in Conjugation 20 Hairlike structures that help them attach to surfaces and allow for transfer of genetic material between two bacteria

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Flagella Bacteria that are motile have appendages called flagellaBacteria that are motile have appendages called flagella A bacteria can have one or many flagellaA bacteria can have one or many flagella 22

23 MonotrichousLophotrichous AmphitrichousPeritrichous

Clicker Question! What structure does this bacterium use for motility? A: Flagella B: Cilia C: Pili 24

Bacterial Shapes 25

Shapes Used to Classify Bacillus:Bacillus: Coccus:Coccus: Spirillum:Spirillum: 26

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Grouping of Bacteria Diplo-Diplo- Strepto-Strepto- Staphylo-Staphylo- 28

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Clicker Question! 31 What shape and grouping describes the bacteria pointed out below? A: Staphalacoccus B: Streptobacillus C: Diplococcus

Staphylococcus Bacterial 32

33 Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

34 Bacillus - E. coli

Streptobacilli 35

Spirillum 36

Leptospira 37

38 Clicker Question! A. Staphylococcus B. Coccus C. Spirillum D. Bacillus E. Streptococcus F. Diplococcus 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ 5. _________ 6. _________

Gram Staining Developed in 1884 by Hans GramDeveloped in 1884 by Hans Gram Bacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stainsBacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stains Cell walls either stain purple or pinkCell walls either stain purple or pink 39

Gram Positive Have a thick layer of peptidoglycanHave a thick layer of peptidoglycan Stain purpleStain purple Can be treated with antibioticsCan be treated with antibiotics 40

Gram Negative Bacteria Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wallThin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall Outer layer of lipidsOuter layer of lipids Stain pinkStain pink Hard to treat with antibioticsHard to treat with antibiotics 41

Gram Negative Rickettsiae are bacteria carried by ticksRickettsiae are bacteria carried by ticks Cause Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverCause Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 42

Clicker Question! Which type of bacteria is susceptible to antibiotics? A: Gram Positive (Dark Purple) B: Gram Negative (Light Pink)

2 kinds of reproduction: Binary fission Conjugation

45 Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

Binary Fission E. coli 46

Clicker Question! 47 What kind of reproduction is depicted in the photo below? A: Asexual B: Conjugation C: Binary fission

Bacterial Respiration AnaerobesAnaerobes AerobesAerobes 48

Modes of Nutrition Saprobes – feed on dead organic matterSaprobes – feed on dead organic matter Parasites – feed on a host cellParasites – feed on a host cell Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make foodPhotoautotroph – use sunlight to make food Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make foodChemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food 49

Bacteria and Survival

Bacterial Survival: Mutations Reproduce quickly Low rate to fix mistakes in DNA Leads to increase in genetic diversity 51

Bacterial Survival: Endospores

Ecology of Bacteria

All living things need Nitrogen Bacteria fix nitrogen to make it usable! Bacteria decompose and recycle nutrients!

Normal Flora Harmless Live on, in, and around you E. coli helps make Vitamin K used to help clot blood

Useful Bacteria Some bacteria can degrade oilSome bacteria can degrade oil Used to clean up oil spillsUsed to clean up oil spills 56

Bacteria make food YogurtYogurt CheeseCheese ButtermilkButtermilk PicklesPickles ChocolateChocolate 57

Bacteria make Medicine Vitamins Antibiotics: –Streptomycin –Bacitracin –Tetracycline –Vancomycin

Pathogens STD: Syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia Respiratory: Strep throat, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, anthrax Skin: Acne, boils Digestive: Gastroenteritis, food poisoning, cholera Nervous: Botulism, tetanus, bacterial meningitis Other: Lyme disease, typhoid fever 59