Chapter 5 The Cultures of Colonial North America

Indian America Iroquois Five Nations –Battled against French & their allies in King William’s War –1701 – treaty of neutrality with France –Many Iroquois became Catholic Growth of English Colonies –Stress on Indian Tribes Loss of land Death from European diseases

Colonization also led to the use of horses by the Indians –More efficient Buffalo hunts –Nomadic culture –Migration to the Great Plains

Spanish Borderlands Northern provinces –Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California –Florida – Spanish made peace with Creek & Seminole Indians –Relationship with African American runaways New Mexico –Little populated but rich in resources –Slow expansion

Texas –Franciscan Missions –Presidios –San Antonio Arizona –Tucson

California –Coastal Settlements Junipero Serra (Franciscan Missionary)– San Diego – Serra & Portola established headquarters at Monterey Bay 1776 – de Anza – founded San Francisco 1781 – group of Mestizo settlers founded Los Angeles –By 1799 – 300 inhabitants – largest California town

Mission System –Convert Indians to Catholics and loyal citizens Raise cattle & grow crops –Indians built adobe & stone churches Spanish & Moorish patterns –Franciscan methods were brutal & cruel Revolts Indians fleeing to the mountains Disease killed 25% of Indian Population

French Crescent 1674 – Bishopric of Quebec –Strong Catholic culture in New France French colonists grew from 15, 000 in 1700 to 70, 000 by 1750 Crescent of Colonies, military posts, & settlements –Trade Network & Indian Alliances –St. Lawrence River – Great Lakes – Mississippi River – Gulf of Mexico

France planned a great continental empire that would contain the British to the Atlantic coastline Farming communities –Montreal, Quebec City, wheat in Illinois, Sugar plantations in New Orleans Long lots –Good land and access to waterways

Culture was a combination of French & Indian –Metis – French word for Mestizo –Indian family structure –Clothing was mixture –Architecture was also a mixture

New England Puritan Congregations in New England except Rhode Island –exiled dissenters like Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson –Banned Anglicans & Baptists –Persecuted Quakers Local Communities – Considerable Autonomy –Bound by Puritan Faith & General Court

Roger Williams – The Bloody Tenet of Persecution – 1644 –“forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils” Toleration Act – 1689 –John Locke – Letter of Tolerance – 1688 Taxes supported the church until 1833 Town & Church Government flourished in New England –“hiving off”

Middle Colonies New York –Most diverse – mosaic of ethnic communities –Tolerance of worship –Rich landowners – rent lands to settlers Pennsylvania –Sold land at a modest price –Philadelphia area fasting growing region during the eighteenth century –Great farmland

Quakers –Invited all forms of religion –Welcomed immigration –Pioneers in women’s rights PA emphasized individual settlement –Basic model for American Expansion

Backcountry Early pioneers –PA & VA backcountry in 1720’s –New world farming & woodland hunting –Log Cabins – Scandinavian Immigrants –Many came from Ireland and Northern England –Clan violence –Disdain for Rank

The South 1750 – 40% of the South made up of slaves Commercial crops –Rice, tobacco, sugar Rice farming – rich owners – overhead Plantations –“big house” –“quarters” – slave shacks –More common in deep South tobacco could be grown in small plots

Traditional Culture in the New World Most colonists lived similar to the European countries from which they came Greater good of the community Most farmers grew food for their own good –Non-commercial Colonial cities –Craftsman & artisans Apprentice, journeymen, master

Frontier Heritage “Free Land” –little incentive to work for wages Forced Labor –Slaves Indian African –Indentured Servants “freedom dues” Expectation of Land – more land taken from Indians

Population Growth 1700 – 290, 000 – colonists north of Mexico 1750 – 1.3 million High fertility Low Mortality Immigration –English – massive – encouraged by the Government –France & Spain – restricted

Social class New Spain – Racial –Espanoles – gente de razon –Castas – mixed race – Texas & California –Indians British Colonies –Celebrated social mobility –40% - slaves, bound servants, poor laboring families –Strength of Middle class 70% of whites

Economic Growth 1700 – British colonies grew economically –New France & New Spain – stagnated Better standard of living in British colonies than in Europe Increased population – land became more scarce –“strolling poor” Growth of Port Towns

Contrasts in Colonial Politics Spanish & French – highly centralized govt. British – decentralized govt. –Happy colonists – productive colonists –Royal appointed governors –Local Assemblies – Property Owners = voters Increased power of colonial assemblies

Enlightenment Emphasized rationality, harmony, & order Colleges –Harvard – 1636 –William & Mary – 1693 –Yale – 1701 Almanacs Novels

Decline in Religious Devotion Anglician Church – weak in the colonies Puritan –Conflict about conversion –Halfway Covenant Arminianism –Contrary to Calvinism – earn way to heaven

Great Awakening Religious Revival –Charismatic preachers Old Light New Light William Tennent – Log College Increase in Male involvement