First Aid and Emergencies Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies

Lesson 1: Providing First Aid First Aid - the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided.

Universal Precautions Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens. Pathogen-organism that causes disease.

Examples of universal precautions Wearing Gloves Washing Hands

CPR Face Shield Protective Ventilation Device

Responding to an Emergency Check,Call, Care

1. Check the scene and the victim. 2. Call for help. 3. Provide care for the victim.

Types of open wounds: Abrasion - also known as a scrape - damages outer layers of skin - little or no bleeding - become infected easily - caused by scraping or rubbing

Laceration - or cut - have jagged or smooth edges - will have bleeding as well as damage to nerves,blood vessels, and soft tissues - may be caused by knife, broken glass, or blunt object

Laceration

Puncture - a piercing of the skin - caused by pin, splinter, or pointed object - limited external bleeding - increased possibility of internal damage, bleeding, and infection

- usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites Avulsion - results when tissue is separated partly or completely from a person’s body - usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites - severed part should be sent with person to hospital - pack part in ice or ice water

Avulsion

First Aid for Bleeding Cover wound with sterile gauze or clean cloth and press firmly. If possible, elevate wound above the level of the heart. Cover the gauze or cloth dressing with a sterile bandage.

If necessary, cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure point bleeding control. Call for help or have someone else do so. “911”

Pressure Point Bleeding Control

Blood Types Type May Receive A A, O B B, O AB A, B, AB, O Universal Receiver O O Universal Donor Rh factor - a protein found in some blood

Severe Burns: First degree burns: - are superficial - involve top layer of skin - heal in 5 to 6 days - example: most sunburns

Second degree burns: - involves top several layers of skin - will have blisters and appear blotchy - 3 to 4 weeks to heal

Third degree burns: - the most serious burns - destroys skin, nerves, muscles, fat, and bones - appears black or brown

First Aid for Severe Burns Ease burn with plenty of cool water Place a clean dry dressing over the burned area to prevent infection Raise area above the level of the heart if possible Treat for shock

Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the burn or to treat burns where the skin has been burned away.

Lesson 2: CPR and First Aid for Shock and Choking

Life-Threatening Emergencies TIME IS CRITICAL!!!! Chain of Survival-sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of survival. If victim is adult, you begin the first two links in the chain. Call 911 Begin CPR

Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnel Early defibrillation transfer to advanced care Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnel Defibrillator-device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm.

CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)-a life-saving first aid procedure that combines rescue breaths with chest compressions, supply oxygen to the body until normal body functions can resume.

CPR for Adults ABC’s A-Airway-look inside victim’s mouth. Gently tilt the head back by lifting the chin with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other. Figure 28.3 pg. 743

B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing. If victim is NOT breathing normally, begin rescue breathing. 1. Keeping the victim’s head in the proper position, pinch the nostrils shut. 2. Place your mouth over the victim’s mouth, forming a seal. Give 2 slow breaths, each about 2 seconds long. The victim’s chest should rise with each breath.

C-Circulation-Check for signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing, or movement. If NO signs of circulation, a person trained in CPR should begin chest compressions.

Adult CPR Cycles

Life-threatening-requires immediate medical attention. First Aid for Shock Shock-failure of the cardiovascular system to keep an adequate supply of blood circulating to the vital organs of the body. Life-threatening-requires immediate medical attention.

Types of Shock *  Hemorrhagic (resulting from the loss of blood. *  Metabolic (resulting from profound fluid loss in an untreated illness). *  Cardiogenic (resulting from injury to the heart itself). *  Neurogenic (resulting from the loss of effective nervous control of blood vessels). *  Toxic or septic (resulting from the effect of toxic substances on the body). *  Respiratory (resulting from impaired breathing). *  Psychogenic (fainting).  *  Anaphylactic (a form of toxic shock that follows an overwhelming allergic reaction).

Common symptoms of shock: Rapid breathing and pulse Altered consciousness Nausea Pale or ashen appearance Cool, moist skin Restlessness or irritability

First Aid for Shock Phone 911 Control any external bleeding Elevate legs about 12 inches, unless you suspect head or back injury Never give the victim anything to eat or drink Reassure victim

-universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat Choking - occurs when a piece of food becomes lodged in the trachea or windpipe. -universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat

Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust First Aid for Choking (conscious victim) Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust - the application of sudden pressure on the victim’s diaphragm so as to expel the substance blocking the airway 1. Wrap arms around the victim’s waist. Place your hand halfway between the lower sternum and the naval with your thumb side of your hand against their abdomen.

2. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into the abdomen with quick upward thrusts until the blockage is dislodged. ** if you are by yourself perform abdominal thrusts on yourself by leaning over the back of a chair or the edge of a table

1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm. (face down) Choking Infant (conscious) 1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm. (face down) 2. Using the heel of your other hand, give five quick blows to the baby’s back between the shoulder blades. 3.Turn the infant over. Press two fingers into the middle of the baby’s sternum (chest thrust), repeat five times. 4. Alternate administering back blows and chest thrusts until the object is dislodged.

Lesson 3 -Responding to Common Emergencies Fracture - to break a bone First Aid: 1. Try to keep the injured part from moving by immobilizing it 2. Use a splint to secure the injured part to the body 3. Seek medical help

Sprains - a condition caused by a stretching or tearing of the soft tissue bands, or ligaments, that hold bones together at a joint First Aid - R.I.C.E. procedure 1. R est 2. I ce 3. C ompression 4. E levation

Unconsciousness Condition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings. Primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious victim is to prevent choking until profession medical help arrives.

First Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their feet 8 to 12 inches Fainting - temporary loss of consciousness brought on by a reduced supply of blood to the brain First Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their feet 8 to 12 inches 2. Loosen tight clothing 3. Open airway 4. Sponge face with water 5. Seek help if necessary

If person vomits, quickly roll him or her into the recovery position.

Concussion Jarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain function. May be NO external signs of injury. 1. Have victim lie down. 2. Use first aid for bleeding. 3. If unconscious-place in recovery position. Call 911 immediately.

First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water Animal Bites - First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water 2. Cover it with a clean dressing 3. Get the person to a doctor at once Rabies- a viral disease of the nervous system that eventually causes madness and death CDC Rabies Website

2. Wash area with soap and water 3. Watch for allergic reactions Bee Stings - 1. use a flat sharp-edged object to scrape the stinger away from the skin until you pull out the venom sac 2. Wash area with soap and water 3. Watch for allergic reactions Objects in the Eye - run water in the eye starting at the nose and work outward - if the object does not come out cover both eyes and seek medical attention !!!Do Not rub the eyes!!!

Nosebleeds - 1. Keep person calm and lean head forward 2. Apply direct pressure by pressing on the bleeding nostril 3. Apply a cold towel to the person’s nose and face 4. Place a piece of cotton or gauze between the upper lip and teeth to stop the bleeding

Treatment for Poisonings Lesson 4 Treatment for Poisonings

- between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year can occur through swallowing or inhaling a toxic substance, through snakebite, or through contact with a poisonous plant or chemical - between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year -most involve children under age 6

Signs of oral poisoning: - sharp abdominal cramps extreme drowsiness followed by loss of consciousness -vomiting -chemical odor on the breath -chemical burns on the lips -open container of a poisonous substance

First Aid for Swallowing Poison Call poison control center- 1-800-848-6946 2. Have the following information: a. age and weight of victim b. name of suspected poison c. amount taken d. time it was taken, if known 3. Treat for shock Emetic- an agent that induces vomiting

Snakebites Poisonous ones in US: 1. Rattlesnake 3. Copperhead 2. Water moccasin 4. Coral snake First Aid: Get victim to hospital - keep the victim as still and quiet as possible. 2. Keep the bitten area at or below the level of the heart.

3.Call EMS for instructions 4. Do not put ice on bite, the venom does more damage in a cold environment. Venom - a poisonous substance secreted by a snake or other animal 5. Maintain breathing and prevent aggravation of the wound - move slowly and rest periodically

Poisonous snakes in NC

Contact Poisoning A. Plants 1. Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac 2. First defense - learn what they look like 3. Causes - rash, blistering, swelling, burning, itching, and possible a fever 4. First aid - remove contaminated clothing

2. All should be stored out of reach of children - wash with soap and water - use Calamine lotion for itching -if severe, get medical help B. Chemicals 1. Household cleaning agents and pesticides are common causes of poisoning 2. All should be stored out of reach of children

3. Direct contact with a poison usually. causes a burning of the skin, 3. Direct contact with a poison usually causes a burning of the skin, resembling a sunburn. 4. First aid - remove any contaminated clothing - flood area with water for 15 minutes - contact poison control center - 1-800-848-6946

Poisonous Spiders: Black Widow: Brown Recluse: