Royal Victoria Docks opened: 1855 Other docks included St Katherine's Docks, Surrey Docks, West India Docks Millwall Docks East India Docks Royal Docks and Tilbury Docks. Over the period 1910-1950 the Royal Docks were relatively prosperous. Dealt with shipment of bulk cargos from ship to rail, to road and lighter transport or into warehouses for storage. Most of the cargo passing through the dock was from trade with the British Commonwealth.

Causes of decline: Goods can be transported by air “containerisation” – less ships were needed New, larger ships could not reach the docks Manufacturing industry moved to cheaper locations within the UK

Vicious Circle of Poverty Decline of the Docklands High unemployment How are the statements below connected? Draw a diagram to show these connections. Vicious Circle of Poverty The local council invests less in housing, roads and education. People have less money to spend on goods and services. Young people leave school with fewer qualifications. Less taxes and business rates are paid to the local council. High unemployment Petty crime often increases. People have more time and less money and opportunities.

Docklands before the LDDC 1970–1980 30,000 jobs lost 1981 50% of Docklands derelict (over 1000 hectares) unemployment 21%, male unemployment was 24%, twice the national average one third housing unsatisfactory for human habitation inadequate infrastructure of roads, rail, telephone and cable lines (the Docklands was kept deliberately inaccessible to protect the goods that were being stored).

London Docklands Development Corporation (1981-1998) Aims of the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) 1. To economically regenerate the area by primarily attracting private investment. 2. To physically regenerate the environment of the Docklands to aid the above. 3. To improve the living conditions and prospects of the community of the Docklands.

Between 1961 and 1971, almost 83,000 jobs were lost in the five boroughs in the Docklands area (Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark). Challenges for redevelopment: Regeneration on a large scale Large proportion of council owned housing High Unemployment Contaminated land

LDDC areas – Wapping, Surrey Quays, Isle of Dogs, Royal Docks Tower Hamlets Newham Canary Wharf Royal Docks Surrey Quays Wapping Enterprise Zone Isle of Dogs Southwark Greenwich

Environmental change Achievements The creation of an attractive environment was an essential part of the LDDC brief. 1) Derelict land and docks were regenerated. By 1988, 600 hectares were reclaimed. 2) Parks and river/dock side paths were developed. 3) Old houses were improved and new houses were built. 4) £300 million was spent on improving utilities. Millwall Docks Before the 1980s McDougall’s flour was processed here!

The London Docklands – local community The LDDC did partly respond to the criticism that there was a mis-match of skills between the established docklands population and the jobs created. In the late 1980s the LDDC sponsored various training projects to improve the qualifications of the population. The LDDC spent £30 million on community and environmental projects. 80 Groups share more than £1million in LDDC grants Activities backed by the grants include education and training, childcare, youth work, sport, the arts and support for the homeless and work with ethnic minorities. ‘We are delighted the Corporation is able to carry on supporting the local community’. Bob Pringle, LDDC Executive Director of Community Infrastructure. Autumn 1995

The London Docklands – transport improvements Docklands Light Railway (DLR) The DLR opened 1987. It cost £73 million. This railway now operates a full service. However, in the late 1980s, the DLR service stopped in the evenings and had a limited service at weekends. Why did many local residents complain that the DLR wasn’t built for them? Why was it important for the LDDC to improve the transport in order to attract new businesses to the Docklands?

The London Docklands – transport improvements London City Airport (STOLPORT…short take-off and landing) opened in 1987. It is situated in the Royal Docks.

The London Docklands – transport improvements Roads – The Limehouse Link The Limehouse Link, which cost £450 million, was built to connect the Docklands to Central London. However, some communities were disrupted during its construction. For example, in 1990, some of the housing in Ropemakers’ Fields, Limehouse was knocked down by the construction of the Limehouse Link Tunnel. Bridges The LDDC constructed bridges across the docks to improve accessibility. West India Dock

The London Docklands – transport improvements The Jubilee line extension was proposed. However, the line was subject to delays and was finished in 2000. Stratford West Ham Canary Wharf Canning Town Southwark Green Park Canada Water Waterloo London Bridge Greenwich Point Jubilee Line Westminster Bermondsey

The London Docklands – business Canary Wharf, only three miles from The City, was conceived in the 1980s as a solution to rising rents in central London. The LDDC job was to attract private investment by improving the environment and infrastructure of the area. In the 1980s, the LDDC attracted £10 of private investment for every £1 they spent. Cabot Square in Canary Wharf

Enterprise Zone (1982-1992) Many of the newspaper companies, moved from Central London to the Isle of Dogs in the 1980s. West India Docks The Enterprise Zone was set up on the Isle of Dogs to attract new business investment. Companies that moved to the Enterprise Zone were entitled to 10 years’ rate free and a fast track planning procedure. What impact did this migration of companies have on parts of Central London? Millwall Docks Enterprise Zone approximate area

View from One Canada Square towards The City The London Docklands – business In Canary Wharf, the 5.9 million square feet of office and retail space are now leased. 28,000 people worked in the whole of London Docklands in 2000 and it is estimated that by 2005 Canary Wharf alone will have 100,000 workers. However, much of the office space in Canary Wharf remained empty until the late 1990s. The completion of the Jubilee Line in 2000 has certainly encouraged new investment in the area. View from One Canada Square towards The City

Tasks Complete case study card sheet using p.252-255 (Oxford) outlining reasons for regeneration, process and impact Complete sustainability quadrant for the regeneration – in which area does the East London Docklands fall down? How would they overcome these issues?

FUTURITY (will it last?) ENVIRONMENT (Is it eco-friendly?) Sustainability Quadrant EQUITY( Does it benefit everyone?) FUTURITY (will it last?) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (It it bottom-up?) ENVIRONMENT (Is it eco-friendly?)

Aim: To investigate why regeneration was needed in East London To assess the impact of regeneration on the area. Who were the players? HOUSING ASSOCIATION: Home improvement grants NEWHAM COUNCIL: Built low cost, affordable houses and improved local services LDDC: Planning and regeneration of the Docklands area NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: Created Isle of Dogs Enterprise Zone: reduced rates, financial help & encouraged private investment. PROPERTY DEVELOPERS: especially involved in building office buildings e.g. Olympia, Canary Wharf CONSERVATION GROUPS: improved quality of the environment e.g. by planting trees http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2THOiPFvZmc