Gandhi in India Spinning Wheel was the symbol of Gandhi’s approach towards development—Small is Beautiful Movement—national self-sufficiency

Gandhi’s Approach to Development Very critical of industrial capitalism and believed India shouldn’t follow path of European development based on exploitation Also critical of materialism Wanted to employ former artisans and provide farmers with a living wage Wanted national self-sufficiency

The British Back Down 1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal. 1935 – Gov’t of India Act—India gained a great deal of autonomy and ended dual system of 1919, but still not full independence 1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

The Muslim League Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) Feared Hindu domination of an independent India ruled by Congress Party. Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a nationalist issue. In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”

Independence But Partition Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay. In the end... India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) proposed partition. Both sides agreed. One fifth of humanity gained independence on August 14th 1947.

The Tragedy of Partition Massacres and mass expulsions. 100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of death.” Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.

Refugees

Nehru’s Family Rules PM of India today is Narendra Modi Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister 1964 Nehru dies Congress Party left with no strong leader 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehru’s daughter) 1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office) Increased food/grain production Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an independent state 1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations 2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with corruption PM of India today is Narendra Modi

Modern India Largest democracy in the world Green Revolution increased food production Democracy, & Economic Modernization (til the early 1990s followed socialism) In 1991 b/c of regulations of the IMF India was forced to move toward a more free market economy. High tech innovations increased productivity, esp. in computer software and hardware, machine tools, nuclear power, and customer service.

Challenges for India Kashmir= years of conflict that continues today Conflict with a Sikh separatist group led to assassination of Indira Gandhi Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress Caste system Continued poverty Big gap between rich and poor Women’s rights

Kashmir Border both India & Pakistan Hindu leader with large Muslim populations 1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India. 1962- China seized part of Kashmir 1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again Today: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) Jian Jieshi (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong

“War of Liberation”

Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

People’s Republic of China 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) Land redistributed and peasant cooperatives created Then all land was seized by state and collectivized Five-Year Plan implemented—industries nationalized, focus on heavy industry First National People’s Congress (1954) PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandoned the Soviet model of economic development Mao unhappy with the degree of inequality in Chinese society All-around development was stressed—attention given to both heavy industry and agriculture mass mobilization Decentralization was emphasized—stronger gov’ts on the local level people’s communes

The Great Leap Forward

Communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster

Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy Mao allowed Deng to implement market-oriented policies that revived the economy, but Mao still unhappy with China’s progress towards true egalitarianism

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution and “class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

The Red Guards Purge of party cadres Purge of intellectuals

The “Gang of Four” power struggle between the fate of Deng Xiaoping the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai the fate of Deng Xiaoping

Diplomatic Breakthrough 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

Diplomatic Breakthrough 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution

Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy economic modernization became focus

China since 1978 Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power and remains till 1997. Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense. SEZs established Incredible Success!! 2010-China became the 2nd largest economy in the world.

Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

The Government Clamps Down Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen square massacre

Review of China’s Population Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population) 56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%) Large population can be attributed to Mao

Population in China Efforts were made to limit the population Only 2 children per family law One Child Policy Policies did not work that well Rural families did not comply Males regarded more highly than females