World History II SOL Review Independence Movements – World Today

Independence in Africa - Overview Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values Right to self-determination (U.N. charter) Right to self-determination (U.N. charter) Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation

Kenya Bloody – British settlers owned prime farmland in the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence for Kenya Bloody – British settlers owned prime farmland in the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence for Kenya Leader – Jomo Kenyatta Leader – Jomo Kenyatta

Ghana West Africa – peaceful transition West Africa – peaceful transition Originally called Gold Coast under the British Originally called Gold Coast under the British

Algeria War for independence from France War for independence from France

South Africa Struggle against apartheid Struggle against apartheid Led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of South Africa Led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of South Africa

Religious Conflict – Palestine vs. Israel Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same land Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same land Creation of Israel in 1948 led to many conflicts between Israel and countries in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc…) Creation of Israel in 1948 led to many conflicts between Israel and countries in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc…) 1993 – creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza Strip and West Bank) 1993 – creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza Strip and West Bank)

Religious Conflict – Ireland and Northern Ireland Protestants vs. Catholics Protestants vs. Catholics IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants a united Ireland (Northern Ireland – part of Great Britain) IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants a united Ireland (Northern Ireland – part of Great Britain) Today – not an issue Today – not an issue

Religious Conflict - Balkans 1990s – Slovenia and Croatia separate from Yugoslavia 1990s – Slovenia and Croatia separate from Yugoslavia Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Serbian rule Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Serbian rule February 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina declared independence February 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina declared independence April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslavia April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslavia While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported independence, Bosnian Serbs did not While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported independence, Bosnian Serbs did not

Religious Conflict - Balkans Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a brutal war in 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia Herzegovina of all Muslims) Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a brutal war in 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia Herzegovina of all Muslims)

India Leader – Gandhi Leader – Gandhi Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance (boycotts and Salt March) Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance (boycotts and Salt March) Hindu-Muslim conflict Hindu-Muslim conflict 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and Pakistan (Muslims) 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and Pakistan (Muslims)

Pakistan Was created based on a religious issue and divided into two territories (East and West) Was created based on a religious issue and divided into two territories (East and West) Conflict between East and West (linguistic, religious, and regional issues) Conflict between East and West (linguistic, religious, and regional issues)

Bangladesh 1971 – East Pakistan declared its independence 1971 – East Pakistan declared its independence East Pakistan became Bangladesh East Pakistan became Bangladesh

China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China (Taiwan) Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China (Taiwan) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Communist China (mainland China) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Communist China (mainland China) Continuing conflict Continuing conflict

Developed Nations North America and Europe North America and Europe Economic stability - prosperous Economic stability - prosperous High literacy rates (most people can read and write) High literacy rates (most people can read and write) Health care (most people have access to health care) Health care (most people have access to health care) Low birth rate/low infant mortality rate Low birth rate/low infant mortality rate Population growth - slow Population growth - slow

Developing Nations Africa and Asia Africa and Asia Economic Conditions – Poverty Economic Conditions – Poverty Low literacy rate Low literacy rate Health care (diseases) Health care (diseases) High birth rate/high infant mortality rate High birth rate/high infant mortality rate Growing population – rapid Growing population – rapid

Impact of New Technologies Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications Genetic engineering and bioethics Genetic engineering and bioethics

Factors Affecting Environment and Society Economic development (pollution) Economic development (pollution) Rapid population growth (strain on natural resources) Rapid population growth (strain on natural resources)

Environmental Challenges Pollution Pollution Loss of habitat (places to live) Loss of habitat (places to live) Global climate change Global climate change

Social Challenges Poverty Poverty Poor health Poor health Illiteracy Illiteracy Famine Famine Migration Migration

Economic Interdependence Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks Rise and influence of multinational corporations Rise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundaries Changing role of international boundaries Regional integration (European Union – tariff- free trade among European nations) Regional integration (European Union – tariff- free trade among European nations)

Economic Interdependence Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – tariff-free trade between U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among nations Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – tariff-free trade between U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among nations International Organizations – United Nations + International Monetary Fund (IMF) – offers emergency funds to countries in crisis International Organizations – United Nations + International Monetary Fund (IMF) – offers emergency funds to countries in crisis

Refugees Refugees as an issue in international conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of Palestinians into Jordan) – people who are forced to leave their homelands because of war, poverty, political problems, and environmental disasters Refugees as an issue in international conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of Palestinians into Jordan) – people who are forced to leave their homelands because of war, poverty, political problems, and environmental disasters

Migrant Workers People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the United States) – guest workers People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the United States) – guest workers