Child Development Laura E. Berk Social Emotional Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Emotions Rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations Energize behavior; prepare for action Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Functions of Emotions Effects on: Cognition Lead to learning essential for survival Can impair learning Social Affect behavior of others Regulate own behavior Health Influence well-being, growth, Stress related to diseases Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness Smile – from birth Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks Laugh – 3–4 months Anger General distress – from birth Anger – 4–6 months Sadness Less common than anger Often a response to a disruption in caregiver-infant communication Fear First fears – 6–12 months Stranger Anxiety – 8–12 months Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Self-Conscious Emotions Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Development of Emotional Self-Regulation Infancy Develops over 1st year, with brain development Caregivers important Early Childhood Learn strategies for self-regulation Personality affects ability Fears common Middle Childhood/ Adolescence Rapid gains Fears shaped by culture Coping skills lead to emotional self-efficacy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Common Early Childhood Fears Monsters Ghosts Darkness Preschool/child care Animals Freephotos.com Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Coping Strategies Problem-Centered Coping Emotion-Centered Coping Used when situation is seen as changeable Identify the difficulty Decide what to do about it Emotion-Centered Coping Used if problem-centered coping does not work. Situation is seen as unchangeable Internal private control of distress Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Cognitive Development and Emotional Understanding As children age, they judge causes of emotions better Balance external and internal factors Recognize thinking & feeling are connected Consider conflicting cues Appreciate mixed emotions Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sympathy and Empathy Sympathy Empathy Feeling of concern or sorrow for another’s plight Empathy Feeling same or similar emotions as another person Complex mix of cognition and emotion Must detect emotions, take other’s perspective DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Development of Empathy Newborns sense other babies’ distress Requires self-awareness Increases over school years Adolescence: can empathize with general life conditions DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Shy and Social Temperaments Uninhibited, Sociable React positively, approach new stimuli Low heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity Inhibited, Shy React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates, stress hormones & stress symptoms Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Types of Attachment Secure – 60% Avoidant – 15% Resistant – 10% Disorganized/ disoriented – 15% Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Perspectives on Moral Development Biological Evolutionary, genetic heritage Brain areas Psychoanalytic Freud: superego and guilt Today: induction, empathy-based guilt Social Learning Modeling moral behavior Behaviorist Rewards and Punishment Cognitive-Developmental Children as active thinkers about social rules Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Inductive Discipline Helps child notice others’ feelings Point out effects of misbehavior on others Note other’s distress Make clear the child caused the distress Empathy-based guilt Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Positive Discipline Build mutually respectful bond Let child know how to act Ahead of time Praise mature behavior Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Civic Responsibility Knowledge Feelings Skills Of political issues Of attachment to community Skills For achieving civic goals Artville Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Moral Imperatives and Social Conventions Customs such as table manners or dress styles Peers seldom react to violations of social convention Adults explain less, demand obedience Moral Imperatives Protect people’s rights and welfare Victims and other children react strongly to moral offences Adults explain rights and feelings of victims Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Making Moral Distinctions Social Conventions Conventions with vs. without clear purpose Consider intentions and context of violations Moral Imperatives Personal Matters Recognizes areas of personal choice, relate to moral rules Recognize limits on choice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Development of Distributive Justice Equality: 5 – 6 years Merit: 6 – 7 years Benevolence: around 8 years Image Source Royalty Free Stock Phtography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Self-Control Compliance emerges at 12-18 months Tested through delay of gratification Improves through childhood and adolescence Learn cognitive strategies Develop moral self-regulation Individual differences: Temperament Parenting Hot vs. cool systems Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Types of Aggression Instrumental Hostile Meant to help the child get something he or she wants Hostile Meant to hurt someone else Image Source Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Types of Hostile Aggression How the Harm is Caused Direct or Indirect? Physical Physical injury Either Verbal Threats of physical aggression Name-calling Teasing Always direct Relational Damage to peer relationships Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Trends in Boys’ Physical Aggression Figure 12.7 Longitudinal trends in boys’ physical aggression from 6 to 15 years of age. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Sources of Aggression Family Social-Cognitive Deficits & Distortions Coercive interaction patterns Social-Cognitive Deficits & Distortions See world as hostile Believe aggression works Overly high self-esteem Community Culture Ethnic, political conflicts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Family Patterns and Aggression Figure 12.8 - Coercive interaction pattern that promotes and sustains aggression between family members. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty Peer influences Figure 12.9 - Path to chronic delinquency for adolescents with childhood-onset antisocial behavior. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Helping Control Aggression Coaching Modeling Reinforcing alternative behaviors Social-cognitive interventions Comprehensive approaches EQUIP Multisystemic therapy Corbis Images Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.