CIS 191 – Lesson 5 Lesson Module Status Slides – draft Properties - done Flash cards – 9 No-stress quiz – done Web Calendar summary – done Web book pages – done Commands – done Skills pacing - done Lab – done Supplies – blank floppies, rescue-cd.iso, rescue- floppy.iso, grub.flp, grub-setup.flp Class PC's – OpenSUSE ISO, Duke, 191-trouble

CIS Lesson 5 Quiz Please close your books, turn off your monitor, take out a blank piece of paper and answer the following questions: On Red Hat systems, what command is used to manage services by runlevel (show and configure services to stop or start)? How can you view kernel startup messages? What does the line id:5:initdefault: do in /etc/inittab?

CIS 191 – Lesson 5 ObjectivesAgenda Install OpenSUSE Practice key skills Troubleshooting boot and root issues Quiz Questions from last week Housekeeping OpenSUSE install Skills: Boot time GRUB changes Skills: VM boot order Skills: Loopback mounts Skills: Boot disk diagnostics Troubleshooting Wrap up  = hands on exercise for topic Installation and Troubleshooting

CIS 191A Lesson 1 VMware Server Ubuntu 8.04 Lesson 2 Partitioning Make file systems RH9 Lesson 3 Booting Dual boot Fedora 8/DOS Lesson 6 RPM, apt-get Tarballs Custom Distro Lesson 5 Troubleshooting OpenSUSE Lesson 5 Rooting CentOS Lesson 7 X windows Debian Install Review Final Course Skills Pacing

CIS Lesson 5 Housekeeping

CIS Lesson 5 Housekeeping 1.Questions on previous material or labs? 2.Return graded material 3.Review Grades web page 4.Review Extra Credit page 5.Lab 2 and 3 due today

CIS Lesson 5 Test 1 02 xxx 03 xx 06 xx 07 xxx 08 xxx 09 x 10 xxxxx 11 xxxxxxxx 12 xx 13 xxxxxx 14 xxxxxxxxxxx 15 xxxxxx 10. What command is used to make special files? mknod 11. What file shows what gets mounted automatically at boot time? /etc/fstab 13. What command could you use to backup the MBR of the first SCSI drive? dd if=/dev/sda of=mbr bs=512 count=1 14. What command can be used to show superblock information? dumpe2fs -h or tune2fs -l plus device (e.g. /dev/sda2) 15. In an ext2 or ext3 file system, where are the filenames stored? directories Scoring: Extra credit is applied first to offset any incorrect answers

CIS Lesson 4 OpenSUSE 11 Install

CIS Lesson 4 Exercise: openSUSE 11 installation 1.Follow Howto on website: openSUSE-11-install.pdf Name this system "opensuse11" (both VM and hostname) For the root and CIS191 account, use password on whiteboard. title openSUSE root (hd0,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz pae root=/dev/sda2 resume=/dev/sda1 splash=silent showopts vga=0x317 initrd /boot/initrd pae Boot Sector swap MBR Boot Sector / home /dev/sda2* /dev/sda3 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda

CIS Lesson 5 Boot Sector swap MBR Boot Sector / home /dev/sda2* /dev/sda3 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda title openSUSE root (hd0,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz pae root=/dev/sda2 resume=/dev/sda1 splash=silent showopts vga=0x317 initrd /boot/initrd pae title My Linux root to 2nd drive root (hd0,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz pae ro root=/dev/sdb1 initrd /boot/initrd pae Boot Sector / MBR /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb New drive added with custom root file system Extra Credit Lab See Lab X2 on Calendar Adds a new drive and root file system to the OpenSUSE VM. GRUB is configured to root to the new root file system

CIS Lesson 5 Skills

CIS Lesson 5 Lesson 5 New Skills Boot time GRUB edits (review) Changing BIOS boot order on a VM (review) Mounting CD ISO and floppy Image files on loopback devices (new) Making a diagnostics boot diskette (new)

Boot time GRUB edits

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 Press any key to get boot menu

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 Move up and down using arrow keys. Press e to edit selection.

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 Move up and down using arrow keys. Press e to edit selection.

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 Make changes by moving the cursor and replacing or inserting characters.

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 For this example we replace UUID specification of the / partition with /dev/sda5, remove the rhgb and quiet options and add single to boot up in single user mode. Hit Enter when finished.

CIS Lesson 3 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 Now press b to boot up using the changes

CIS Lesson 5 GRUB boot edits Fedora 9 The system now boots into single user mode. NOTE: The GRUB changes are temporary. /boot/grub/grub.conf must be edited to make changes permanent NOTE: The single option on the kernel line is very handy when troubleshooting boot problems.

BIOS boot order

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS 1) Click inside the VM so it has the focus 2) Tap F2 repeatedly to enter BIOS configuration. Note: You don't get much time for this so have your finger over the F2 key!

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Right arrow over to the Boot menu.

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Re-order to suit your needs. This VM will look first on a floppy, then a CD, then the hard drive and then try network boot.

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS A + means the group can be expanded (use Enter) Noter: VMware BIOS does not support USB pen drive boots.

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS If you have multiple hard drives, they can be searched in order as well

CIS Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Save any changes you make.

loopback mounts

CIS Lesson 5 Lesson 5 Mounting CD ISO and floppy Image files on loopback devices Desired: Be able to directly mount an CD ISO image file. Avoids having to burn downloaded ISO's on to CD's, then loading the new CD into computer, and then finally mounting /dev/cd0. Solution: Use loopback devices.

/boot /dev / /bin/etc/mnt cdrom/ /dev/boot/home cis191/ grub/ lost+found/ floppy/ /lib /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda5 Mounting File Systems Like pinning the tail on the donkey mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt /lib /bin CIS Lesson 5

/ /bin/etc/mnt bin/ /dev/boot/home cis191/ grub/ lost+found/ boot/ dev/ /lib /dev/sda1 /dev/sda5 Mounting File Systems Like pinning the tail on the donkey /dev/sda6 mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt lib/ CIS Lesson 5

/ /bin/etc/mnt cdrom/ /dev/boot/home cis191/ grub/ lost+found/ floppy/ /lib /dev/sda1 /dev/sda5 Mounting Image Files Like pinning the tail on the donkey mount –o loop Desktop/rescue-cd.iso /mnt rescue-cd.iso CIS Lesson 5

/ /bin/etc/mnt /images /dev/boot/home /rsimms /grub /lost+found /isolinux TRANS.TBL /lib /dev/sda1 /dev/sda5 Mounting Image Files Like pinning the tail on the donkey /dev/loop0 mount –o loop Desktop/rescue-cd.iso /mnt CIS Lesson 5

HW Diags

CIS Lesson 5 Diagnostics boot diskette Checking out your system prior to installing Linux Check RAM quantity Check drive sizes Inspect other hardware resources as necessary

CIS Lesson 5 Diagnostics boot disk BIOS code Floppy with boot code for DOS Boot order with floppy drive at top When DOS loads, autoexec.bat run diagnostics program

CIS Lesson 5 Diagnostics DIAG, the diagnostic program

CIS Lesson 5 Installation RAM Requirements & Configuration Issues The more RAM the better Graphics (X Windows) runs best with a minimum of 64MB RAM Swap space size should be 1.5 to 2 times RAM – up to 256 MB. At 256MB RAM and above, swap space should equal RAM

CIS Lesson 5 Exercise: Mounting ISOs using Loopbacks 1.Follow Howto on website:

CIS Lesson 5 Exercise: Boot Floppy Diagnostics 1.Follow Howto on website:

CIS Lesson 5 Trouble shooting

CIS Lesson 5 Booting the System 1.Power On Self Test (POST) – loads the BIOS. 2.BIOS loads the Master Boot Record. 3.MBR read its partition table to determine which partition to boot into. 4.MBR loads the boot program in the active partition. 5.Boot program presents user with boot prompt menu. 6.Based upon user selection, boot program loads desired kernel along with and supplied boot options 7.Kernel uncompresses and loads into memory. 8.Kernel detects hardware and initializes its data. fdisk boot order grub.conf

CIS Lesson 5 Rooting the System 1.Kernel mounts the root file system 2.Kernel creates and starts the init process 3. init reads /etc/inittab for its instructions 4. init performs system initialization: presents some kind of welcome banner allows for and interactive startup set up keyboard mapping, system fonts, plug and play devices, … checks for dirty file systems, can clean them if necessary checks disk quotas and swap space mounts all file systems 5.Chooses which runlevel to come up in and executes those scripts via rc script 6.daemons load 7.getty processes are spawned on terminal devices /etc/inittab grub.conf /etc/rc.d

CIS Lesson 5 Preparing for trouble Record your partition and mount information (output from fdisk –l and mount ) Make a copy of your MBR. For example: dd if=/dev/sda of=mbr bs=512 count=1 Create a bootable rescue floppy with GRUB installed that roots to your / partition on your Linux system. Record grub.conf Record MBR xxd output Record /etc/inittab

CIS Lesson 5 Rescue boot devices Put pristine GRUB stage1 and stage2 files Add GRUB config files for more control Add a kernel for more options Make vender rescue disk Add a kernel and small root file system with tools Use small Linux distribution like Knoppix

CIS Lesson 5 Making rescue floppy RH9 example Boot Sector /dev/fd0 Method I The "simplest rescue diskette" cd /usr/share/grub/i386-redhat cat stage1 stage2 > /dev/fd0 Note: this will allow you to boot directly into GRUB. At boot time you would manually enter (use tab completes!): grub grub> root (hd0,0) grub> kernel /vmlinuz ro root=/dev/sda2 grub> initrd /initrd img grub> boot Method II grub grub> root (hd0,0) grub> setup (fd0) grub> quit Boot Sector /boot MBR Boot Sector / swap /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda1

CIS Lesson 5 Making rescue floppy Installing boot code into floppy boot sector Boot Sector /dev/fd0 Method III (RH9) mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 $(uname –r) Method IV Put grub files to floppy and setup boot sector to use them. See Howto on "Trouble" Boot Sector /boot MBR Boot Sector / swap /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda1

CIS Lesson 5 Startup Troubleshooting How to make lots of trouble:

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 The faces of trouble

CIS Lesson 5 For the command/file collection TaskCommand or file The simplest boot floppy. cd /usr/share/grub/i386-redhat/ cat stage1 stage2 > /dev/fd0 After booting into grub, manually enter appropriate grub commands you would normally see in grub.cong Make RH9 emergency boot disk mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 $(uname –r) Mount CD ISO or floppy disk images on loopbacks mount –o loop Desktop/rescue-cd.iso /mnt mount –o loop Desktop/rescue-floppy.img /mnt Backup MBR to file named mbr dd if=/dev/sda of=mbr bs=512 count=1 Make rescue floppy for specific system grub > root (hd0,0) (location of /boot) > setup (fd0) > quit

CIS 191 – Lesson 5 Next Class Assignment: Check Calendar Page on web site to see what is due next week. Quiz questions for next class: How do you edit GRUB boot options at startup? How do you make a simple rescue floppy if your boot files are in /dev/sda2? What happens on boot with a conventional MBR and no active partition?

CIS 191 – Lesson 5 Backup

CIS Lesson 5 Installation

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Gathering System Documentation 1.Hardware documentation 2.Linux Diagnostics Windows System Information 4.Hardware Diagnostics ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/softlib/msfiles/msdzip.exe

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Role of BIOS and Device Detection Firmware or Read Only Memory (ROM) Basic Input Output System (BIOS) Plug and Play

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Peripheral Devices CD-ROM Controllers CD-ROM is a special type of mass storage 12+ types of sound card CD-ROM drivers ATAPI IDE CD-ROM drive interface The Video Adapter The video controller Video memory The graphic mode

CIS Lesson 5 Installation The Monitor Monitor Refresh Rates Monitor Limits o The size of the display o The dot pitch of the phosphor units in mm o The maximum raster-scan sweep rate Changing Graphics Modes Is it possible to break your monitor?

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Device Support Issues Printers Video Adapters Modems

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Hard Disk Partitioning Primary vs. Extended Partitions

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Hard Disk Partitioning Strategies Automatic Partitioning Manual Partitioning Swap Partition Configuration

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Multiple Operating System Booting MS-Windows and Linux sharing a hard Drive Emulation instead of Coexistence

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Network Configuration Internet Protocol (IP) Address Network Mask Gateway Domain Name Service

CIS Lesson 5 Installation Installation Media Choices Local Device Installation Network Access Installation