1 The Cold War Expands Angela Brown Chapter 16 Section 3

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3 The Korean War 1945 Allies divide Korea into Soviet- Occupied northern zone and an American – Occupied Southern Zone. Occupying forces withdrew from both zones in

4 Korean War June 1950, the Korean War broke out when North Korean troops streamed across the 38 th parallel, the latitude dividing the two nations, aiming to reunite Korea by Force. The USSR was boycotting the Security Council protesting the exclusion of Communist China, the UN was able to act to defend South Korea.

5 Today

6 Douglas MacArthur Hero of two World Wars – strong anti- communist Truman’s choice to lead UN forces in Korea Graduated from U.S. military academy at West Point in /images/h62000/h62439.jpg

7 MacArthur Cited 7 times for bravery in WWI and by 1918 at age 38 he attained rank of general Army Chief of Staff WWII – Commander of American forces in Asia Virtual dictator of Japan during postwar – responsible for establishing Western Democracy – creating new democratic constitution

8 MacArthur Less successful in implementing democracy in South Korea – supported South Korean President Syngman Rhee Hero to troops and American Public Disliked as overly ambitious by political leaders

9 MacArthur MacArthur had little respect for both Roosevelt and Truman. He viewed them as soft on communism. He had contempt for anyone with authority over him; it undermined his otherwise brilliant career.

10 The Korean War Excellent military strategist, MacArthur, developed a bold plan to drive the invaders from South Korea. South Korea overtaken in just a few weeks – except small part near port city of Pusan. Guessed that swift advance had left supply lines stretched thin. Sept 1950 attacked enemy supply lines from behind and sent forces to defend Pusan.

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12 Korean War His strategy worked. The North Koreans fled back across 38 th Parallel. UN troops pursued them Northward and began boasting of reuniting Korea under South Korean government. Chinese joined North Koreans and pushed UN forces back into South Korea; a stalemate developed.

13 MacArthur favored opening a second front by bringing Chinese opposition from Taiwan under Jiang Jieshi to fight communist Chinese. Truman opposed; he feared widespread war in Asia.

14 MacArthur Fired MacArthur sent letter to House minority leader Joseph Marlin in March 1951 attacking the President’s policy. Martin made letter public; on April 11 Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination. The struggle dragged on for two more years.

15 Truce? 1953 truce signed; left Korea divided by the 38 th parallel as before. Americans wondered why 55,000 soldiers had been killed and 103,000 wounded for limited results. Was the U.S. serious about stopping communism?

16 The Cold War in the 1950s 1953 Eisenhower succeeded Truman. New phase of Cold War policy Sec of State John Foster Dulles called for a policy to roll back communism. Eisenhower recognized risk of confronting Soviets did not intervene in revolts in Eastern Germany, Poland and Hungary in Policy of containment continued.

17 Dwight D. Eisenhower

18 Southeast Asia July 1953 fulfilled campaign promise to end Korean War – aided by death of Stalin in March. Conflict developed in Vietnam – French colony 1945 Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party declared independence.

19 Ho Chi Minh

20 Domino theory France sent troops to reassert authority = war Eisenhower believed in Domino theory If one country fell to communists its neighbors would soon follow. By 1954 U.S. providing military aid to support France in Vietnam.

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22 Vietnam May 1954, major defeat = France withdrew forces International conference divided Vietnam like Korea. U.S. provided aid to South Vietnam but resisted greater involvement.

23 The Middle East British controlled Palestine – region on Med. Coast and biblical home of Jewish people 1930s many Jews sought safety in Palestine – called for a Jewish state 1947 British turned over to UN – created two states one Jewish and one Arab

24 Palestine

25 Israel - Iran May 1948 Jews in Palestine proclaimed new nation of Israel. Arab nations opposed – backed by Soviets U.S. worked to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling to Soviets nationalist leader gained control in Iran U.S. (CIA) organized overthrow – returned power to pro-American Shah of Iran

26 Israel

27 Suez Crisis Suez Crisis in 1956 – Egypt’s ruler, Nasser, sought Soviet support U.S./GB stopped aid. Nasser seized the Suez Canal a vital waterway through Egypt allowing Middle East oil to reach Europe British and French attack Egypt. Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt.

28 Suez Canal

29 Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 announced Eisenhower Doctrine The U.S. would use force to safeguard independent countries in Middle East requesting aid against aggression. Used Doctrine in 1958 to put down revolt against Lebanese government.

30 Latin America 1947 Rio Pact – a regional defense alliance with 18 other nations in the Western Hemisphere formed organization of American States (OAS) to increase cooperation among nations of Hemisphere.

31 Latin America 1954 CIA helped overthrow government of Guatemala. Leaders were sympathetic to radical causes. Restored property of United Fruit company seized by Guatemalan government from American corporation.

32 Guatemala

33 Cuba 1958 Fidel Castro overthrew corrupt Cuban dictator Batista. (ties to U.S. organized crime) Eisenhower would not support Castro; CIA reported infiltration of movement by communist. Castro seized U.S. property in Cuba; Eisenhower cut diplomatic ties and halted exports to Island. Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid.

34 Leadership Change

35 Republic of Cuba

36 The Arms Race Arms Race – struggle to gain weapons superiority The Growth of Nuclear Arsenals 1953 one year after U.S test of thermonuclear device, Soviets tested hydrogen device Eisenhower announced atoms for Peace Plan at UN.

37 First Hydrogen Test World’s nations work together under UN supervision to find peaceful uses for nuclear technology; Soviets refused to participate. Eisenhower stepped up American weapons development program. First hydrogen test in March 1954; 750 times more powerful than bomb dropped on Nagaski.

38 Results Japanese fisherman 90 miles away radiation burns-Island 200 miles away evacuated Test revealed nuclear war threatened entire world with radioactive contamination.

39 Brinkmanship 1956 Secretary of State Dulles stated U.S. prepared to risk war to protect national interest. Brinkmanship – ability to get to verge without getting into war

40 Cold War in the Skies U.S. Airforce to carry hydrogen bombs to targets; Soviets could not match strength. Developed ICBM’s – long-range rockets known as intercontinental ballistic missiles as primary delivery system U.S worked to develop ICBM’s lagged behind Soviet’s in missile development due to dependence on conventional air power.

41 ICBM launch Atlas-icbm-erector-scaled.jpg

42 Sputnik Technological gap startling in 1957; Soviets used one of rockets to launch Sputnik – first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. Americans mortified – rocket could carry hydrogen bomb to U.S. U.S. satellite rushed to launch before ready; crashed.

43 Sputnik

44 U-2 incident U-2 incident – Soviets shot down U.S. spy plane over Soviet Union with guided missile. It flew 15 miles high; we assumed it was immune to attack.

45 Gary Powers

46 Sentence Francis Gary Powers: Imprisoned Powers spent almost 21 months in prison in the Soviet Union. During that time, he openly kept a diary of his daily activities. In November 1960 he began secretly writing a journal, which opens with a detailed recounting of the downing of his U-2. When released, Powers hid the diary and journal in a rug he had embroidered while in prison and carried them out of the Soviet Union.