Indo-European Migrations: 4m- 2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

Sumerians

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

Sumerian Cylinder Seals

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

Ziggurat at Ur  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”

The Royal Standard of Ur

Mesopotamian Harp

Board Game From Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r B. C. E.] Code

Hammurabi, the Judge

Babylonian Math

Babylonian Numbers

A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E. ?

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E. Tutankham on B. C. E.

Egyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian Scribe

Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship ,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient GreekAncient EgyptianhieroglyphsDemoticAncient Greek

Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.

Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask B. C. E.

King Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut B. C. E.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? B. C. E.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Queen Nefertiti

Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II B. C. E.

Who Are These Strange People?

Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!

Indus Civilization Developed between BCEDeveloped between BCE Two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo DaroTwo largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro –Well planned cities Running water, sewers, and brick buildingsRunning water, sewers, and brick buildings Grid patternGrid pattern Pictographic writing (still undeciphered)Pictographic writing (still undeciphered) –Has 400 symbols Clear social classesClear social classes –Different types of houses: wealthy 2-3 stories, common people one room

Economics Advanced AgricultureAdvanced Agriculture –Wheat, rye, peas, rice (maybe) –Domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, sheep –Abundant crops led to job specialization in cities (like E&M) Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears)Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears) Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro –Connected by villages –Major trading centers with China, SE Asia, Southern India, and Mesopotamia Jade and jewels from SE Asia and ChinaJade and jewels from SE Asia and China Wheeled carts for transportationWheeled carts for transportation Mesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leatherMesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leather Persia for gold, silver, and copperPersia for gold, silver, and copper

End of Indus By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…)By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…) 1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India –Culture of Aryans blended with the Indians Sanskrit; literary language of IndiaSanskrit; literary language of India Vedas became major books of HinduismVedas became major books of Hinduism Placed native Indians into inferior classPlaced native Indians into inferior class –People divided into 4 Varnas and each Varna into sub-classes called Jati –At the bottom were the Pariahs or Untouchables Scholars and priests Rulers and warriors Professionals Servants Pariah s