Chapter 11

 Name 3 countries in Africa

Section 1

 Nile River  Empties into Mediterranean Sea  Silt  small particles of rich soil that is good for farming.  Suez Canal  Separates the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt  Eastern Desert and Libyan Desert  Both are a part of the Sahara Desert  Oases  green areas in the desert fed by underground water.

 Agriculture is main economic activity  Main exports  Cotton  Yarn  Clothing  Resources  Oil  Iron ore  Phosphates  a mineral salt used in fertilizer

 AD 641, Arabs from Southwest Asia took control of Egypt  They practiced Islam and most Egyptians became Muslims  94% of population today are Muslim  1800s, Egypt was a part of the British Empire  1952, a group of British officers overthrew the British  Egypt is a republic  President has broad powers, but legislature makes the laws.

 In the 1990s, some Islamic groups opposed the government.  Most people live within 20 miles of the Nile River  Peasant farmers, called fellahin farm small plots that they rent  Bazaars  local markets  Service industries

 Describe the differences in modern Egypt and Ancient Egypt

Section 2

 The Sahara covers 90% of Libya  No permanent rivers, but aquifers— underground rock layers  Oil was discovered in 1959, that brought great wealth to Libya  86% live along the Mediterranean coast in Tripoli, the capital and Benghazi  Libya became independent in 1951  1969, Muammar al-Qaddhafi set up a dictatorship

 Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco form a region known as the Maghreb, meaning “the land farthest west” in Arabic  Farmers and herders  Tunisia was ruled by Phoenicians, several Muslim empires, and France until becoming independent in 1956  Tunis is the capital

 The largest country in North Africa  Between the Atlas and Ahaggar Mountains are parts of the Sahara known as ergs, huge areas of shifting sand dunes  Algeria imports 1/3 of its food  Sales oil and natural gas   French colony  1954  Civil War  1962  Algeria wins independence

 Strait of Gibraltar  8 miles  Leading producer of phosphates  AD 700s, Arabs and Berbers conquered Spain  Their decedents, called Moors ruled Spain  Today Morocco is a constitutional monarchy  Casablanca is the largest city  Rabat is the capital

Chapter 12

Section 1

 Located on two continents separated by the Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits)  Anatolia plateau  Seeking to join European Union  Oil refining  Muslim  Istanbul  largest city and located on two continents

 Ethnic group  Kurds  The Kurds in Turkey have sought to join the Kurds in Iraq, Iran, and Syria to form an independent homeland  Istanbul began as a Greek port called Byzantium  Ottomans conquered Constantinople in the 1400s, renamed Istanbul and used as the capital.

 Syria has been a center for trade for centuries  Controlled by one political party and does not have many political freedoms.  Fertile along Mediterranean Sea, but has a vast, dry desert to the east  Agriculture is main economic activity  Main export  oil  Bedouins  nomadic desert peoples who follow a traditional way of life

 About half the size of New Jersey  Once covered by cedar trees  Service industry  Beirut is the capital and largest city  Rebuilding after a civil war that lasted from 1975 to 1991  Between Muslims and Christians  Economy was almost destroyed  About 70% of Lebanese are Arab Muslims  France ruled Lebanon until 1940s

 Lacks water and energy resources  Most are Arab Muslims  Once governed by Great Britain  Became independent in  Constitutional monarchy

Section 2

 Mountains of Galilee in the north  Golan Heights in the east  Dead Sea  1349 feet below sea level  Shores are the lowest place on earth’s surface  Negev desert to the south

 Citrus fruits  9% of population work on farm settlements  Kibbutz  people share all of the property and may also produce goods such as clothing and electronic equipment  Moshav  people share in farming, production, and selling, but each perosn is allowed to own some private property as well  Tel Aviv-Yafo  largest manufacturing center

 80% are Jewish  Roman Rule  World War II  Holocaust  1948  Jews declared an independent country called Israel

 West Bank and Gaza Strip  Under Palestinian control  Very high tensions  Law of Return  All Jews are allowed to return to Israel  Democratic republic

Section 3

 Deserts cover Arabia  Rub’ al Khali or Empty Quarter  No rivers or permanent bodies of water  Wadis  dry riverbeds filled by rainwater from rare downpours  Desalinization  taking salt out of seawater  Holds a major share of the world’s oil  Part of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

 Caliph  leader in Saudi Arabia after Muhammad  1932, a monarchy led by the Saudi family unified the country  Riyadh is the largest city and capital

 Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates are located along the Persian Gulf  Used profits from oil exports to build strong economies  Pearl diving, fishing, and camel herding  High standard of living

 Oman  mostly desert, but has oil  Yemen is the only country on the Arabian Peninsula that does not have large deposits of oil  Most people are farmers or herders

Section 4

 Most farming takes place in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.  Alluvial plain  area that is built up by rich fertile soil left by river floods  Oil is th emajor export  Baghdad  capital and largest city  1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War forced Iraqi troops out.

 After the Persian Gulf War, dictator Saddam Hussein refused to cooperate with the demands of the United Nations  Embargo  an order that restricts trade with another country  Early 2000s, the UN sent weapons inspectors to Iraq  Iraq was overthrown in 2003

 Oil-rich nation  Persian ancestry  Speak Farsi  Muslim  Shahs  Persian kings  1979, Iran overthrew the last monarchy  Islamic Republic  government run by Muslim religious leaders  Tehran is the capital

 Mountainous and landlocked  70% of population farm and herd  20 ethnic groups  Pashtuns and Tajiks  Kabul is the capital  Taliban ruled in 1990s  Overthrown by US led forces in 2001