Ch. 27 pp Age of Imperialism

Concept Questions 1. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Imperialism? 2. What are the causes and characteristics of imperialism? 3. How does location impact the characteristics? 4. What are the effects of imperialism? 5. How does imperialism lead to nationalism, alliances and World War I?

Motivations Political Nationalism and the desire to increase territory Adding port cities and trade routes Berlin Conference – division of Africa Economic Need for raw materials – cotton, rubber, oils New markets for manufactured goods – industrialization Mining to create wealth – diamonds, gold, copper, tin Social Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest White Man’s Burden – civilize other races by spreading their culture Spread of Christianity through missionaries

Types of Imperialism FormsCharacteristicsExample ColonyA country or region governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony ProtectorateA country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta Sphere of InfluenceAn area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the U.S. Economic ImperialismIndependent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments The Dole Fruit Company controlled the pineapple trade in Hawaii

Management of Colonies DirectIndirect Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles Examples: French: Somaliland, Vietnam German: Tanganyika Portuguese: Angola Local government officials were used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules Examples: British: Nigeria, India, Burma U.S.: Pacific Islands

Middle East Modernization of Egypt under Muhammad Ali Big debt owed to Britain Built the Suez Canal - connected Red Sea to Mediterranean British take control of the Canal to pay for debts Ottoman Turks Weak sultans cause a decline in power European countries rush to grab territory Geopolitics - interest in land for strategic location or products Example: Britain and Russia – Persian Gulf for oil

India – “Jewel of the Crown” Queen Victoria – British East India Company Control over India No competition allowed between British and Indian companies Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny – Indian Revolt of 1857 Pushed by Christian conversions and racism Indian soldiers rebelled but unable to coordinate between Hindu and Muslim Indians Failure causes the Raj – increased control by Britain (1757 – 1947) Indians are second class citizens in their own country

China Series of concessions Not impressed by technology of the west Pride in ancient culture and self-sufficient Opium Wars British sales of Opium to purchase tea Chinese executed opium dealers, Britain responded with war Superior technology allows Britain to win and establish spheres of influence Taiping Rebellion Rebellion caused by the Opium War loss Manchu rulers challenged European help needed to put down the rebellion Boxer Rebellion Interior rebellion protesting foreign influence Hundreds of foreigners killed U.S. plays large role in putting down the rebellion establishing their own influence in China – Open Door Policy

Japan Commodore Mathew Perry Black Fleet Treaty of Kanagawa - agreed to trade with western powers to avoid colonization Modernization Becomes imperialistic to compete with the west Sino-Japanese War – vs. China over Korea Russo-Japanese War – vs. Russia over Manchuria Korea annexed and ruled harshly

Southeast Asia French and British lay claims in Indochina Efforts to drive out foreign influence Siam (Thailand) – King Mongkut Argued that his country was a natural buffer between British and French colonies Was able to modernize and maintain independence U.S. - acquires Pacific Islands (Spanish-American War) Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico Panama Canal Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani – overthrown to allow annexation Sanford B. Dole becomes president of republic, immediately requests statehood

Imperialists Divide Africa Africa Before Imperialism Independent - traders, military, nations Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Abuse by the Belgian King Leopold Berlin Conference – division of Africa - unnatural divisions based on what the European nations wanted ( no African invited) Cash crops replace food crops – impact? Military Technology: modern weapons, naval vessels Made conquest easier Transportation Technology: steamboats, railroads Made settlement in the interior possible Transported goods as well as people Communication: telegraphs, cables, wireless radio Medical: quinine

Africa Three Groups Clash over South Africa Africans (Zulu), Dutch (Boers), British Zulu chief, Shaka created a state in Southern Africa through military actions Great Trek – movement of Boers north (Guns,Germs,Steel) Boer War – Dutch vs. British in attempt to keep foreigners out of S. Africa Few African Nations able to remain independent

Impact of Colonial Rule Positive Reduced local warfare Improved sanitation, hospitals, schools Infrastructure - railroads (Cecil Rhodes), telephone/telegraph, dams African products valued Negative Lost control of their land & independence Abuses of human rights Resistance in some regions Cash crops over food crops – caused famine Disease Loss of culture and identity Depletion of natural resources Boundaries which caused rivalries between groups Increased competition between European nations